干貨丨TPO45綜合寫作精講

內(nèi)容提要【在線咨詢】

1、詳細分析閱讀、聽力文本；

2、詳細講解理解會意后的改寫方式；

3、分享如何組織寫作思路。

閱讀文本及精講

閱讀文本【在線咨詢】

Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.

No Fossils of Actual Bees

First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.

Absence of Flowering Plants

A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.

Structures Lack Some Details

Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.

閱讀精講【在線咨詢】

我把閱讀中一些同學們可能認為比較難的單詞標紅了，我們先解釋一下單詞部分，再整體討論一下文本內(nèi)容。

Fossil 化石

Fossilize 使（變成）化石

Resemble 相似

Skeptic 懷疑論者，無神論者（文中意為“懷疑論者”）

Absence 缺少、缺失、缺席

Exclusively 唯一、排他、專有的

Mutually 互相的、互助的

Dependent 依賴、從屬的（本文中出現(xiàn)的是mutually dependent，表示“互相依賴”）

Association 關(guān)聯(lián)、聯(lián)合

Chamber 室、腔、房間、會所（文中出現(xiàn)的是nest chamber，表示“蜂窩”）

Spiral 螺旋形的

Pattern 模式、圖形（本文中出現(xiàn)的是spiral pattern，表示“螺旋模式”）

Wood-boring beetles 鉆木甲蟲

接下來大體分析一下閱讀文本的段落重點信息：【在線咨詢】

第一段：大體交代了背景，在美國西南部亞利桑那州一個2億年的化石樹里,有一個類似蜂窩的化石結(jié)構(gòu)存在，由此展開了關(guān)于2億年前是否有蜜蜂的討論。閱讀持反對觀點并給出了三點理由。

第二段：主要強調(diào)這個化石沒有蜜蜂遺體而推斷蜜蜂在2億年前不存在，并提及了另外一個證據(jù)：最早的蜜蜂遺體化石目前現(xiàn)存的是1億年前。

第三段：主要強調(diào)在2億年的時期里沒有花卉植物存在，從而推斷蜜蜂也不存在。給出的具體理由是蜜蜂和花卉植物是互相依存的排他互利關(guān)系，同時強調(diào)在1.25億年前才開始有花卉植物，所以蜜蜂不太可能在2億年前就有。

第四段：主要強調(diào)跟現(xiàn)在的蜂窩比，這個類似蜂窩的化石在結(jié)構(gòu)上也是不一致的，具體說明了現(xiàn)代蜂窩是螺旋式帶有蓋子的結(jié)構(gòu)，而這個化石更像是鉆木甲蟲制造出來的結(jié)構(gòu)。

聽力文本及精講

聽力文本

目前市面上還沒有TPO40-48綜合寫作的聽力文本，新通教育的新TPO綜合聽力文本算是行業(yè)首發(fā)。有了聽力文本，大家可以更好地理解聽力內(nèi)容，從而組織寫作。以下就是新通教育專屬聽力文本，歡迎大家精聽使用。

It's perfectly possible that the nests founded inside the fossilized trees were made by bees 200 million years ago. The arguments used by the skeptics are not convincing.

First, it's true we have no fossil remains of actual bees that date to 200 million years ago, but maybe the reason for that is that bees cannot be preserved as fossil at that time. Fossil bees have typically been preserved in fossilized tree resin, a sticky liquid produced by trees. However, trees with this type of resin were very rare 200 million years ago. Such trees became common much later, so the fact we have no bee remains that are 200 million years old doesn't mean that bees did not exist that time. Maybe bees existed, but since there were almost no trees producing the right kind of resin, the bees could not be preserved.

Second, well it is true that bees have a close mutual relationship with flowering plants today; it's quite possible that bees existed before flowering plants appeared on earth. Those very early bees may have been feeding on non-flowering plants that preceded flowering plants during evolutionary history. The early bees could feed on non-flowering plants such as ferns or pine trees, later when flowering plants evolved，bees may have been adapted to feed on them and this new relationship between bees and flowering plants may even remain stable ever since.

Third, even though the fossilized chambers lack spiral caps, there's chemical evidence that supports the theory that bees build the chambers. Modern bees protect their nest chambers against water by using a special water proofing substance that has a distinct chemical composition. When the fossil chambers were chemically analyzed, it turned out that they contained the same kind of water proofing material that used by modern bees.

Preserved 保存

Tree resin 樹脂

Preceded 在……之前，領(lǐng)先

Ferns 蕨類植物

Pine trees 松樹

Water proofing substance 防水物質(zhì)

Chemical composition 化學合成物

學完單詞，我們來分析一下，針對閱讀中提出的觀點，聽力講座在反駁時是如何組織重點細節(jié)信息的：【在線咨詢】

第一段：提出了反駁的整體觀點，聽力中的觀點認為這個化石完全有可能是2億年前的蜂蜜制造的，并認為閱讀的反對意見說服性不高。

第二段：聽力中認為沒有2億年前的蜜蜂化石，但這并不等于2億年前沒有蜜蜂存在。給出的解釋是保存化石需要特別的樹脂，2億年前沒有樹脂讓蜜蜂存留為化石，不一定是因為沒有蜜蜂，也可能是沒有可以化石化的樹脂。

第三段：聽力中認為現(xiàn)在的蜜蜂和花卉植物確實有互相唯一的依存關(guān)系，但這也不能表明2億年前沒有蜜蜂。可能在花卉植物出現(xiàn)之前，早期蜜蜂并不依賴花卉植物存活，而是依靠如蕨類或者松樹這樣的非花卉植物存活。只是在花卉植物出現(xiàn)后，蜜蜂依賴花卉的存活關(guān)系才形成并穩(wěn)定了下來。

第四段：聽力中雖然承認結(jié)構(gòu)上沒有螺旋蓋，但通過化學鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜜蜂特有的防水分泌物存在化石中，從而反駁了閱讀中不是蜜蜂蜂窩的說法。

寫作解說

由于篇幅原因，這里匯總幾點會意、寫作組織上的重點信息給到大家，具體的寫作方法和技巧，同學們可以登錄官網(wǎng)（）報名我們的免費托雅預(yù)測課或者聆聽公開課哦！

A: Look up every single confusing word

對于困惑的單詞一定要查詢并學會認識和使用方法

B: Full comprehension over the contents of reading and listening

對于聽力和閱讀的內(nèi)容要有完整全面的會意

C: Locate the key words and use the exactly same words in your writing

定位重點信息詞并在寫作里原詞重現(xiàn)（注意僅限于原詞重現(xiàn)）

D: Change the word order when you’re repeating the same key words

改寫語序是一個最基本的方法

E: Always connect the reading and listening information in each paragraph

總是記住在每一段內(nèi)去鏈接閱讀和聽力的觀點（駁斥的關(guān)系細節(jié)是什么信息點）

F: A relatively same organization as the reading and listening passage is

一般綜合作文的格式可以參考對應(yīng)的閱讀和聽力的文章結(jié)構(gòu)（一般幾個觀點就分幾段）

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