修辭目的題是托福閱讀里必考的題型之一,通常是問(wèn)作者的意圖,考察的是考生對(duì)句間關(guān)系的把握和理解。修辭目的題一共有三種考察形式,第一是對(duì)具體信息目的的提問(wèn); 第二的對(duì)段落主旨提問(wèn); 第三是對(duì)段間關(guān)系提問(wèn)。
1、修辭目的題大家比較熟悉的是第一種對(duì)具體信息目的的提問(wèn),出題形式通常是以下幾種:
• The author discuss X in order to..?
• Why does the author mention X?
• The author uses X as an example of..?
在這種形式下,一般都是作者舉了個(gè)例子,題目問(wèn)作者為什么要舉這個(gè)例子。舉例子一般是為了證明某種觀點(diǎn)或說(shuō)明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),那么這道題就是在問(wèn)具體例子與觀點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系,我們來(lái)看一下例題:
Why does the author mention the views of “Patrick Kirch”?
• To present evidence in favor of Heyerdahl’s idea about American Indians reaching Oceania
• To emphasize the familiarity of Pacific islanders with crops from many different regions of the world
• To indicate that supposed proof for Heyerdahl’s theory has an alternative explanation
• To demonstrate that some of the same crops were cultivated in both South America and Oceania
這道題問(wèn)作者為什么要提及Patrick Kirch的觀點(diǎn),那么PK這個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)就是一個(gè)例子,而下面的選項(xiàng)都是這個(gè)例子要證明的觀點(diǎn),我們要選出一個(gè)正確的觀點(diǎn)。
2、第二種修辭目的題的形式就是對(duì)段落目的的提問(wèn),出題形式:
• What is the purpose of paragraph X?
這種情況就是問(wèn)段落的主要目的是什么,其實(shí)是在問(wèn)段落的主旨是什么。對(duì)于這種類(lèi)型的修辭目的題,我們做題的時(shí)候就要了解段落的主要內(nèi)容,看看這一段的大意在講什么,然后對(duì)照選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有可能會(huì)提到一些文中的細(xì)節(jié),但并不是這一段的主要內(nèi)容,所以我們要注意。下面是一道針對(duì)段落目的提問(wèn)的例題:
In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author’s primary purpose is to
• describe how petroleum is formed
• explain why petroleum formation is a slow process
• provide evidence that a marine environment is necessary for petroleum formation
• show that oil commonly occurs in association with gas
這道題問(wèn)第一段和第二段的主要目的是什么,那我們就要注意看一下第一段和第二段的主要內(nèi)容,并且正確選項(xiàng)一定要體現(xiàn)兩段共同的主旨內(nèi)容。
3、最后一種修辭目的題的形式就是對(duì)段間關(guān)系的提問(wèn),考察同學(xué)們對(duì)段落之間關(guān)系和聯(lián)系的把握和理解。它的出題形式:
How is the paragraph X related to other parts of the passage?
題目一般就是在問(wèn)某一段和其他段的關(guān)系是什么,或者這一段在全文中有什么作用。那我們?cè)谧鲱}的時(shí)候就要注意段落之間的銜接,不能但看一段的內(nèi)容,還要看看這一段與前后文是又怎樣的關(guān)系。我么來(lái)看下面的一道例題:
Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3?
• Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in paragraph 3.
• Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them.
• Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions.
• Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in paragraph 3.
題目中問(wèn)道下列哪一項(xiàng)最好的描述了第二段和度三段的關(guān)系。那我們既要知道第二段講了什么,又要知道第三段講了什么。我們看到選項(xiàng)中也是先描述第二段,又描述第三段,這就是兩段之間的一個(gè)段間關(guān)系。
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