托福獨立寫作作為一種學術(shù)寫作測試,要求考生就某一話題給出合理的論點,并對每個論點都給出充分的論據(jù)。在教學中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),由于國內(nèi)教育普遍忽視了對學生思辨能力的培養(yǎng),加之知識面有限,許多學員在寫作中或是筆頭干澀,做不到well-developed;或是看似內(nèi)容豐富,但條理混亂,忽視了well-organized;也有的自知不擅長說理,所以一味依賴舉例,不但內(nèi)容“發(fā)虛”,例子本身的質(zhì)量也不易保證。這都嚴重影響了是否能拿下托福寫作高分。本文就如何給出clearly appropriate explanations試做講解。
以下題為例:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better for children to grow up in a big city than in the countryside.
不難想到,對于孩子的成長,大城市的一大優(yōu)勢是優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。我們可給出如下主題句:
First and foremost, a big city provides children with more favorable educational condition.
眾所周知,主體段接下來的論述必須緊密圍繞主題句。而每個主題句必然包含兩個要素:topic(話題)和controlling idea(中心思想,或者說針對話題的某個“角度”)。從主題句不難看出,這個段落顯然是要從教育條件的角度來論述大城市的優(yōu)勢,而這一切的前提是教育的重要性:如果教育對于孩子無關(guān)緊要,那么接下來的所有論述就毫無必要了。因此,我們不難得到這樣一條邏輯鏈:教育對孩子好——大城市的教育條件好——大城市對孩子好。也就是說,我們必須首先從controlling idea出發(fā),證明教育對孩子的重要性。范文如下:
Education plays an essential role in our personal development since it helps one’s career success by offering abundant theoretical knowledge and practical skills; meanwhile, it also helps shape one’s personality to a large extent.
在此基礎上,我們再將controlling idea和topic聯(lián)系起來,論述大城市在教育條件方面的優(yōu)勢及其原因。范文如下:
Thanks to the urban economic prosperity and adequate financial support from the municipal government, schools in a major city are more likely to afford those expensive modern teaching facilities, e.g. well-equiped classrooms, labs and libraries. Moreover, the higher income and better life quality of the urban area attract more knowledgeable teachers to live and work there.
不難發(fā)現(xiàn),這種以主體段主題句中的controlling idea為先導、topic為落腳點的說理論述不但邏輯嚴密,而且層層深入的寫法也保證了字數(shù),對于托福獨立寫作不失為一良策。