2016年3月13日托福閱讀真題解析

2016年3月13日托福閱讀真題詞匯題匯總：

dramatically=striking
perplexing=puzzling
tending=taking    care of
conducive=favorable    to
quest＝search
prevail＝dominant
generally＝usually
thereby＝consequently
exceptional＝extraordinary
suitable=appropriate

　　3月13日托福閱讀真題第一篇

　　題材劃分： 地質類
　　主要內(nèi)容：北美海面某種 dramatically heat 的現(xiàn)象。這種先現(xiàn)象還導致海面上升(有題問為什么上升)。 然后用洋流來解釋，但是這解釋有問題，因為科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)洋流帶來30%熱才能增溫。但是不管是表層海水還是底層海水的檢測都發(fā)現(xiàn)根本沒這么多熱，所以就進入第二段比較了厄爾尼諾和拉尼娜，厄爾尼諾是太平洋赤道帶海洋和大氣互相作用后失去平衡的氣候現(xiàn)象，還說暖流移動，使cool area變暖，還和Indian比較，Indian ocean 是 cool area，有 deep sea和sea surface。史前距今五百萬年的Eocene 時期在極地仍然會出現(xiàn)溫暖的季節(jié).厄爾尼諾還和 trade wind減弱相關。拉尼娜是海面溫度異常偏冷的現(xiàn)象，拉尼娜和wind trade增強相關，主要是tropical ocean和atmosphere的共同作用。最后還講了 greenhouse gas也可能是造成heat的原因， 但是要測五百萬年前的二氧化破濃度的挑戰(zhàn)性就超級難，所以證據(jù)不足不確定。有個題問了第三段和第四段的作用還是關系。

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　　相似TPO練習推薦：
　　TPO-23 Urban Climates
　　TPO-10 Variations in the Climate
　　相關背景知識：
　　El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "La Niña" with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall. Mechanisms that cause the oscillation remain under study.
　　La Niña is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". It has also in the past been called anti-El Niño, and El Viejo (meaning "the old man"). During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. It has extensive effects on the weather in North America, even affecting the Atlantic Hurricane Season. A La Niña often, though not always, follows an El Niño.

3月13日托福閱讀真題第二篇

　　題材劃分： 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展史
　　主要內(nèi)容： 16or17世紀的英國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展問題，講英國農(nóng)業(yè)如何在歐洲其他各國的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展之前獨自發(fā)展至小康水平。當時英格蘭的農(nóng)業(yè)比歐洲其他國家發(fā)展的都早都好，原因是受到瘟疫和宗教的影響較小。著眼于土地及其產(chǎn)出方面，在歐洲之前就發(fā)生了農(nóng)業(yè)革命。英格蘭農(nóng)場主發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)獲利很大后，就采取了高產(chǎn)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品， 新技術，把原來tenure的農(nóng)民都化成了簽約式的，而且簽約前要交錢否則就用別人(此處有題，大概是說四個選項里哪個沒有在文中提到)。還說到由于農(nóng)場主采用了嫡長子繼承制，所以沒有土地仍然很集中，同樣時間土地產(chǎn)運好了，還把地分割出來養(yǎng)牲畜。還舉例如提高房租，改善耕種方式，還有開始做羊毛，并且出口至歐洲各國甚至美國。最后提到了英國的紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)遠銷歐洲和海聞，收尾的地方提到了應該產(chǎn)業(yè)與西班牙的染料息息相關。講了英國駐西班牙總督的成功。

　　相似TPO練習推薦：
　　TPO-10 Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth
　　相關知識背景：
　　During the late 18th century and early 19th century, there was considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanization, which was the Industrial Revolution. Much of the agricultural workforce was uprooted from the countryside and moved into large urban centres of production, as the steam-based production factories could undercut the traditional cottage industries, because of economies of scale and the increased output per worker made possible by the new technologies. The consequent overcrowding into areas with little supporting infrastructure saw dramatic increases in the rate of infant mortality (to the extent that many Sunday schools for pre-working age children (5 or 6) had funeral clubs to pay for each other's funeral arrangements), crime, and social deprivation.
　　The transition to industrialization was not wholly seamless for workers, many of whom saw their livelihoods threatened by the process. Of these, some frequently sabotaged or attempted to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as "Luddites".

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　3月13日托福閱讀真題第三篇

　　題材劃分： 農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展史
　　主要內(nèi)容：講北美new England地區(qū)agriculture,因為大部分地區(qū)都是forest不利于耕種。然后殖民者利用印第安人已經(jīng)clear掉樹的地區(qū)種植糧食節(jié)約勞力和時間，clear的時候水平鋸到sap flow為止，樹葉和樹枝會自己死掉。后來由于人口增加需求增加，這些地不夠用了，得自己clear。然后這種耕作不是像在歐洲那樣的精耕細作，因為土壤不肥沃，就幾個糧食一起種，為了produce food rapidly。后面又發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種可循環(huán)的ecosystem，又種grass和cattle,牛吃草，然后牛的糞便可以使土壤肥沃，還講到了燃燒產(chǎn)生的potash的作用，可以制造很多東西。然后有利于糧食種植，最后形成了一個良好的循環(huán)。

　　相似TPO練習推薦：
　　TPO-21 The Origins of Agriculture
　　相關知識背景：
　　Phosphates are substances that contain phosphorus, which stimulates root development in young plants and is therefore particularly valuable for root crops. It also increases yields and speeds up plant growth generally. Phosphates are not easily lost from soil, but they mostly occur in very stable forms that are not liberated quickly enough by natural processes, so fertilisation is necessary. Traditionally, phosphate-bearing materials added to soil include bonemeal, powdered slag, and seaweed.
　　Potashes are substances that contain potassium which promotes disease resistance and helps to build starches and sugars. Plants tend to absorb potash during early stages of growth, and potash tends to reduce the problems caused by applying nitrogen. It also increases the weight of an individual cereal grain. Traditional potash sources included applying ash to the land and ploughing in crop residues after the harvest. Artificial potash fertilisers were not used until deposits of potash salts were discovered in Germany in 1861.

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