【GMAT考試】GMAT平行知多少

 王杰老師表示，在SC中，GMAT平行是相對(duì)基礎(chǔ)的一塊，也是最常見(jiàn)的GMAT考試一個(gè)考點(diǎn)之一。首先我們來(lái)看一下GMAT平行的解題步驟。

The words that FOLLOW these tags are AUTOMATICALLY INCLUDED in the parallel structures. You CANNOT OMIT words that FOLLOW one of these tags! These following words must have PARALLEL GRAMMAR.

Process:

*proceed from RIGHT to LFET in your analysis (because only the right-hand part is “tagged”)
*Look at the words following the tag
-These words MUST be the right-hand parallel structure
*Then, decide what words you need on the left
*If they (one tag only, or and but etc.) are ANYWHERE, then the structures are properly parallel

Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or Kentucky.
Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or in Kentucky.
Most fossils of species X were found either in Tennessee or Kentucky. X
Most fossils of species X were found either in Tennessee or Kentucky.
Most fossils of species X were found in either Tennessee or in Kentucky. X
Most fossils of species X were found in either Tennessee or Kentucky.

這里的TAG就是either ... or ..., either A or B 之中的A 和B 要求是絕對(duì)的工整和平行。上面兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的例子可以看出，名詞和介詞短語(yǔ)放在平行的位置，因此是錯(cuò)誤的。

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In lists of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的列舉中，逗號(hào)和“AND”則是平行標(biāo)志！

I want to eat fish & chips, drink Mountain Dew, and go to sleep.
I want to eat fish & chips, drink Mountain Dew, and I want to go to sleep. （X）
I want to eat fish & chips, to drink Mountain Dew, and to go to sleep.

Food that is nutritious for cats but that is poisonous for dogs.
Food that is nutritious for cats but is poisonous for dogs.
Food that is nutritious for cats but poisonous for dogs.

Hand signs that natives use and that appear in local rituals.
Hand signs that natives use and appear in local rituals. （X）
Hand signs used by natives and appearing in local rituals. (like OG12 42) non-perfect parallel

賓語(yǔ)從句的并列中That是不可以省的哦！

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我們來(lái)看幾道prep上的例題，每道題都附上了關(guān)鍵的排查點(diǎn)：

1. Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.

(A) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough
(B) sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep 15 hours a day, and with such infrequent movements
(C) sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep 15 hours a day, and move so infrequently
(D) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently
(E) the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps 15 hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough

“It & its” indicate that the SUBJECT must be singular-------ruling out ABC
Single extra word “it” kills E.
“adj enough that” is an incorrect idiom.
The official answer is D.

When you have total parallelism like you see in answer choice C, it implies three things that happen in a serial fashion (one after the other, or at least all separately).

But the point here is that there IS a connection. Notice the last point, "algae grow...between its toes." Why would that happen? The only explanation is that the sloth sleeps and barely moves WHILE it is hanging. When you have that kind of construction, you want to use subordinate verbs to imply a subordinate relationship. Watch:

All day long he sits in that chair, reading the newspaper and sometimes falling asleep.

See how we use the -ing form of the verb (participles) to imply that the reading and sleeping occurs WHILE he sits. Because of this, we need the answer to look just as D does.

Remember that MODIFIERS don’t have to – and shouldn’t – be parallel to the MIAN ACTION.

Ex: Joe ran down (main verb) the street, flapping his arms wildly. (comma-ING modifier)
     Joe ran down the street, flapping his arms wildly and screaming at the top of his lungs.

On the GMAT:

If you have a list of 3 or more things, there MUST be a comma before the final “and”.
     i.e  X,Y and Z-------this is NOT a proper list of 3 things
         X,Y, and Z-------this is a proper list of 3 things

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2. Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that either cells secreted hormones, which made them endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which ease they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.

(A)either cells secreted hormones, which made them
(B)either cells secreted hormones, making them
(C)either cells secreted hormones and were
(D)cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were
(E)cells either secreted hormones, which made them

“either or” kills ABC 
in(E) “which modifier” gives wrong meaning
D is correct!

NOTE THAT NOT ALL PARALLEL STRUTURES HAVE PERFECTLY MATCHING COMPONENTS.

Another example: They argue just as frequently and about the same topics as the couple living next door to them.
“frequently” ---- an ADVERB modifying ARGUE
“about the same topics”---- prep phrase THAT IS USED AS AN ADVERB, modifying ARGUE

If you have AND or OR, then the parallel structures should still make sense BY THEMSELVES.
----exception: between X and Y, then you need to have both

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3. A report by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes.

(A) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes
(B) much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come
(C) much of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes
(D) many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come
(E) many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

The OA is E.
Dioxin (二噁英) is accountable.

Additional considerations: you are not allowed to end modifiers with prepositions!
The restaurant (that) we ate at （X）
The person I spoke with （X）
The restaurant at which we ate
The person with whom I spoke

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