【看美劇學(xué)托�！磕切┠�，傷害我們的蚊子

 “因?yàn)榇撕笏�發(fā)現(xiàn)不只孑孓，還有很多惡魔都可以安然無(wú)恙地通過(guò)我們那天真的石制過(guò)濾器。”——《霍亂時(shí)期的愛情》

“在陰暗的陶制水翁中，水看上去清清涼涼，帶著一股樹林的余味。但烏爾比諾醫(yī)生沒有被這種過(guò)濾的假象蒙蔽，因?yàn)樗�知道，盡管用了那么多防范措施，翁底卻還是孑孓的圣殿。童年時(shí)期，為了打發(fā)漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，他曾懷著莫名的驚恐觀察這些孑孓…….過(guò)了很久他才學(xué)到，原來(lái)孑孓是蚊子的幼蟲。而一經(jīng)知曉就再也忘不掉了，因?yàn)榇撕笏�發(fā)現(xiàn)不只孑孓，還有很多惡魔都可以安然無(wú)恙地通過(guò)我們那天真的石制過(guò)濾器。”

這是《霍亂時(shí)期的愛情》中，對(duì)烏爾比諾醫(yī)生通過(guò)保護(hù)飲用水源控制霍亂和疝氣的描寫。小說(shuō)中，那應(yīng)該是19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初的哥倫比亞。

直到今天，蚊子，依舊是很多疾病的傳播者，比如瘧疾，乙腦，戈登熱。再比如15年爆發(fā)、可能會(huì)在16年大范圍傳播的Zika.

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首先科普一下什么是Zika。

As of early 2016, the most widespread outbreak of Zika virus disease, caused by the Zika virus, is ongoing primarily［1］ in the Americas. The outbreak began in April 2015 in Brazil, and subsequently spread to other countries in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean.

In January 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that the virus was likely to spread throughout the majority of the Americas by the end of the year; and in February 2016, the WHO declared that the cluster of microcephaly and Guillain–Barre syndrome(GBS) cases reported in Brazil–strongly suspected to be associated with the Zika virus outbreak-was a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

［1］primarily  adv. 首先；主要地，根本上。這個(gè)單詞的形容詞形式及它的近義詞在托福中出現(xiàn)很多次，比如：introductory course 基礎(chǔ)課，elementary school 小學(xué)

Zika病毒主要靠蚊子傳播。

The virus is mainly spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is commonly found throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas, but also by Aedes albopictus ("Asian tiger"), which have become widespread as far north as the Great Lakes region of North America.The Zika virus might also be transmitted through sex — two likely cases have been reportes.

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感染Zika病毒會(huì)有什么癥狀呢？

The majority of Zika virus infections are ［2］asymptomatic, making precise estimates of the number of cases very difficult to determine. In around one in five cases, infection with Zika virus results in a minor illness known as Zika fever, which causes symptoms such as fever and a rash. However, Zika virus infection in pregnant women has a suspected link with newborn microcephaly by mother-to-child transmission and, in very few cases, GBS. A number of countries have [  3 ] issued travel warnings, and the outbreak is expected to have an impact on the tourism industry.

［2］asymptomatic 無(wú)癥狀的 symptom表示“癥狀”，a-在這里做前綴表示否定

［3］issue n. 問(wèn)題；流出；期號(hào)；發(fā)行物  v. 發(fā)行，發(fā)布；發(fā)給；放出，排出（本文中issued warnings 表示發(fā)出警告。）

以上文字摘自維基百科。

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美國(guó)NBC News 1月31號(hào)發(fā)表文章，講述了其他幾種由蚊子傳播的疾病。

West Nile virus［4］

West Nile was only introduced into the United States in 1999, but it quickly spread to all 48 continental states as well as Canada and Mexico. Since then, it's infected hundreds of thousands of people, causing severe illness in about 40,000 and killing more than 1,600.

More than 2,000 cases were reported last year alone, more than 1,300 of them serious infections that caused meningitis or encephalitis, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. California had a bad year last year with more than 700 cases and 45 deaths in 2015.

West Nile spreads badly because it is carried by several different species of mosquito that are common across the U.S., and because it also infects birds, so they act as what's called a reservoir for the virus. They can carry West Nile to new places and help keep it circulating. That's not known to happen with Zika.

［4］西尼羅病毒， 與乙型腦炎、黃熱病、登革熱、丙型肝炎等病毒同屬。 是一種人獸共患病.近年來(lái)西尼羅病毒病出現(xiàn)在歐洲和北美的溫帶區(qū)域，對(duì)人和動(dòng)物的健康構(gòu)成了威脅。這種病嚴(yán)重的危害是使人和馬患上致命的腦炎，使鳥，雞等死亡。1950年以來(lái)，該病毒一直在非洲，中東和地中海沿岸國(guó)家流行，未引起重視。2012年8月15日美國(guó)爆發(fā)西尼羅病毒，已有17人確認(rèn)死亡。

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Eastern equine encephalitis virus［5］

Like Zika, this one's rare and usually does not cause symptoms. An average of eight cases a year are reported in the U.S., according to CDC. Most are in Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. It kills about a third of patients who develop serious symptoms and can cause severe brain damage in those who survive. Maine health officials reported a death from EEE in November and two people in New York died from the virus last year.

EEE lives in birds but a number of species of mosquito that bite both birds and people can spread it, including Aedes, Coquillettidia, and Culex mosquitoes.

［5］東部馬腦炎，由東部馬腦炎病毒引起的人畜共患病毒性疾病。主要侵犯馬和人。因本病1933年流行于美國(guó)東部一些農(nóng)場(chǎng)的馬群，同年由Ten Broeck和Merrill從病馬中分離出病毒 。臨床上以高熱及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀為主。人偶然感染，潛伏期7～10天病死率可高達(dá)50%。本病尚無(wú)特效治療方法，仍以支持療法和對(duì)癥處理為主。多數(shù)病人可順利度過(guò)極期而恢復(fù)。

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St Louis Encephalitis［6］ 

This one's rare but people in the southeast can catch it year-round. In some years,like 2013, just a single case was reported. In 2004, 15 cases were reported. But in 1975 there was a big epidemic of servere disease that affected 2,000 people in the midwest.

［6］圣路易腦炎。主要流行于美國(guó)的密西西比河附近和俄亥俄河流域，偶爾波及到加拿大南部和墨西哥北部地區(qū)，其流行與氣溫及雨量有關(guān)，多發(fā)生在每年的7—9月份。臨床特征包括發(fā)熱、頭痛和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)癥狀。人對(duì)本病普遍易感，感染后可獲持久免疫力。

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蚊子雖小，卻是傳播疾病的禍?zhǔn)�，美�?guó)“Gates notes”網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，蚊子在15種最致命的動(dòng)物中名列榜首，其每年傷害人類的數(shù)量超過(guò)排行榜中其他所有動(dòng)物數(shù)量的總和，達(dá)72.5萬(wàn)人。人與蚊子的斗爭(zhēng)持續(xù)已久，也將繼續(xù)。

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