SAT語法考點：獨立主格

獨立主格有以下三個特點：
　　1.獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。
　　2.名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。
　　3.獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句離開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。
　　獨立主格結構本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語, 其作用相當于一個狀語從句，常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：

表示時間
　　The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會后我們都回家了。
　　表示條件
　　The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若條件有利，他或許能成功。
　　表示原因
　　He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
　　表示伴隨情況
　　Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體，而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)

一般獨立主格形式
　　1)與主句邏輯關系松散
　　A:  n. + -ed/-ing形式
　　名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 (名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關系。)
　　如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
　　名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞 (名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是被動關系。)
　　如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.

B:  n. + 不定式
　　名詞/主格代詞+不定式 (名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主動關系，且強調(diào)的是一次具體性的動作。)
　　如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
　　C:  n. + 形容詞
　　名詞/主格代詞+形容詞
　　如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.

D:  n. + 副詞
　　名詞/主格代詞+副詞
　　如：The meeting over, they all went home.
　　E:  n+介詞短語
　　名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語
　　如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.

以上是最常見的幾種形式，尤其是A的形式

2) with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密
　　形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介詞短語
　　[OG-2 section6-8 Page:470]
　　3) each引導的強調(diào)型獨立主格:強調(diào)句尾的復數(shù)名詞
　　形式為:句子 + 復數(shù)名詞結尾 , each + 介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式
　　The African continent comprises more than 50 countries, each diverse in their cultures and languages.
　　(A) diverse in their
　　(B) diverse in its
　　(C) is diverse in its
　　(D) of them being diverse in their
　　(E) having diversity in their

4) 其他形式
　　There being +名詞(代詞)
　　An odd friendship in certain respects, she being an outdoor enthusiast and he a dedicated bookworm.  [2012-01-Section6-no9]
　　(A) An odd friendship
　　(B) As an odd friendship
　　(C) Their friendship being odd
　　(D) Theirs was an odd friendship
　　(E) Having a friendship that was somewhat odd
　　　
　　The island of Madagascar, off the coast of Africa, is the habitat of more than 200,000 species of plants and animals, many are not found anywhere else on the planet.[ 2012-01-Section6-no11]
　　(A) animals, many are not found anywhere
　　(B) animals; many, not found anywhere
　　(C) animals; of which many are not found anywhere
　　(D) animals, many found nowhere
　　獨立主格結構曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過
　　(09-05-Section4-no.24; 09-05-Section10-no.10)(12-01-Section6- no9/no11)