托福閱讀：句子簡化題解題技巧

句子簡化題解題技巧——簡化，理清句子邏輯關(guān)系
　　首先，要簡化，最主要的就是抓住句子的主干和句子中各個(gè)成分之間的邏輯關(guān)系，這和句子簡化題中的題目要求相對應(yīng)，  express the essential information; incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information, 所以在簡化后的句子中，必然包含原句中的主要信息和所有的邏輯關(guān)系。那么我們在做題中最重要的是先把要簡化的句子進(jìn)行正確得理解和分析，而不是先去進(jìn)行選項(xiàng)之間的對比。
　　提取句子主干，在大部分情況下句子主干即抓主、謂、賓、以及對這些部分的限定修飾詞，如后置定語等；在復(fù)雜句中，要對從句的內(nèi)容也要把握。抓邏輯關(guān)系即指抓因果，轉(zhuǎn)折，并列，舉例，假設(shè)等，但要注意要簡化的句子若是一個(gè)句子，則可能包含多重邏輯關(guān)系；若是有兩個(gè)句子或以上，則要分析出各個(gè)句子內(nèi)部和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

句子簡化題解題技巧——了解出題思路
　　其次，在把握原句主要信息和邏輯關(guān)系以后，我們還必須了解ETS的出題思路，這樣對我們快速排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，辨識正確選項(xiàng)有很大的幫助。在句子簡化題錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置上無非有兩種，一種是對主要信息的缺失或錯(cuò)誤陳述，另一種則是邏輯錯(cuò)誤。所以，在看選項(xiàng)時(shí)，首先檢驗(yàn)選項(xiàng)是否包含所有主要信息，是否只陳述了次要信息，是否主要信息的位置互換等。比如說，

Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. 【W(wǎng)hile population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.】 But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.
　　Q1 Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
　　A. Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.
　　B. Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s 　population
　　C. Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food for the people in Uruk
　　D. Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field surrounding the city.
　　我們的解題步驟如下：
　　1.確定句子核心信息
　　While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.
　　分析：本句是由while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句（注：while出現(xiàn)在句中引導(dǎo)對比對照關(guān)系的狀語從句；如出現(xiàn)在句首則引導(dǎo)讓步關(guān)系的狀語從句，）+主句scholars assume that…the city組成一個(gè)雖然…但是…的大結(jié)構(gòu)。主句句末有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，該從句意圖在于對前面意義完整的主句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。所以該句最核心的意思就是句中標(biāo)紅的部分。
　　2.核對選項(xiàng)
　　A. Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.
　　A選項(xiàng)后半句出現(xiàn)與原句完全矛盾的信息：居民不是依靠農(nóng)業(yè)；而原句中說到是用城市周圍的田地自給自足。
　　B. Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population
　　B選項(xiàng)說學(xué)者們沒有足夠證據(jù)證明城外的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)是否足夠大來供給城市人口。這是原句完全沒有談及的信息，所以錯(cuò)誤
　　C. Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food for the people in Uruk
　　C選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)因果關(guān)系，這是原句完全沒有的信息，該選項(xiàng)是最容易被排掉的。
　　D. Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from produce grown in field surrounding the city.
　　D選項(xiàng)說學(xué)者們認(rèn)為U城的居民能夠通過長在城市周圍田地里的作物供養(yǎng)他們自己。意思與原句主要意思一致，所以正確。