雅思寫作：流程圖與被動語態(tài)

在這里，為童鞋們總結(jié)了流程圖寫作的幾個要點：
　　1. 找到流程圖的過程，起點，終點。
　　2. 找到圖上標出的已知動作，如果出現(xiàn)生詞，盡量猜測。無詞，用自己的語言。
　　3. 按照步驟，分段描述，千萬不能省略任何一步。
　　4. 切記!加入流暢合理的表示順序的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
　　5. 句型以主動為主，搭配被動，以及主語從句(例如：It can be seen from the graph that…)。
　　6. 時態(tài)要使用一般現(xiàn)在時。
　　例文分析：
　　You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
　　The illustrations below show how chocolate is produced.
　　Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features.
　　Write at least 150 words.

這里為大家提供了一片范文:
　　The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.
　　(所有的小作文第一句話都要用一般現(xiàn)在時。流程圖必備三個詞：process整個過程;stage階段;step步驟)

Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.
　　(開頭不能一上來就直接介紹cacao tree,而是通過主題詞chocolate引出，否則顯得太唐突)
　　流程圖特點之一：介紹過程要使用一般現(xiàn)在時
　　流程圖特點之二：大量使用定語從句，將有關(guān)聯(lián)的兩句話連接。
　　流程圖特點之三：大量使用被動語態(tài)
　　The tree produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans.
　　流程圖特點之四：使用一些表示順序的連接詞

When the pods are ripe, they are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.
　　(三個句子的并列：“句子A,句子B and 句子C”。)
　　During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.
　　流程圖特點之五：要適當(dāng)?shù)靥砑觽�別圖中沒有交代但能從圖片中直接讀出來的一些內(nèi)容，否則可能達不到字數(shù)要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千萬不要加上自己的主觀觀點，否則會扣分。

Next, the brown beans are spread in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.
　　After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is removed. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.

流程圖特點之六：可以不寫總結(jié)
　　流程圖重點詞匯解析：
　　表述時間：
　　in 10 days
　　during the period of 10 days
　　The process lasts for up to 10 days
　　after 10 days
　　10 days passed until something happened.

表示然后：then, next, in the next state, following that, after that, the next step in the stage is ....
　　表示過程：process, procedure, formation, development
　　表示步驟：step, stage, phase
　　時間階段：after a period of …months/days/minutes, during…
　　順序連詞：first, first of all, in the first stage, initially, to begin with
　　second, then, next, also
　　after that, at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile
　　prior to, until
　　the first stage involves … / in the second stage / in the third stage /
　　in the last stage / The next step in the stage is that…
　　目的連詞：in order to / in order that; so as to / so that

在這里再為大家詳解一下被動語態(tài)的知識點：
　　被動語態(tài)（Passive Voice）
　　1.The Active and Passive Voice
　　→The movie was seen by a lot of people. (被動)
　　2.Deforestation accelerates global warming.
　　→Global warming is accelerated by deforestation.
　　3.Teachers should teach their students to follow the school rules.
　　→Students should be taught to follow the school rules by their teachers.

何時使用呢？
　　1.與施動者相比行為或?qū)ο蟾�重要的時候
　　a. Our environment should be protected. (by us)
　　b. Children should be taught (by their parents) to take responsibility for their actions.
　　2.施動者不確定或有意隱瞞的時候
　　a. Nobody is allowed (by hospital authorities) to use a mobile phone in the hospital.
　　b. Many soldiers were killed in the war (by other soldiers).
　　3. 進行客觀敘述的時候
　　a. It was found in some research that children tend to imitate the parent who is the same sex.
　　b. The sample was collected from the water, and the number of games was counted.

但是也需要注意：
　　1.有些動詞在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中，后面接不帶to 的不定式，但如果改為被動，則需把省略的to加上。
　　e.g. let; make; have; help 和感官動詞feel；see; hear; watch; look at; listen to等
　　The boss made by my grandfather work 10 hours a day.
　　→My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

2.有些及物動詞沒有被動，但賓語并非是動作承受者，不能轉(zhuǎn)換。
　　e.g. have ; hold（容納）; suit; fit; become; contain; cost; last; lack; mean; suffice; resemble等
　　The keys doesn’t fit the lock.
　　Spending too much now will mean a shortage of cash next year.
　　A light lunch should suffice me.

3.系動詞和不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。
　　e.g. appear; disappear; exist; happen; occur; take place; remain; lose heart; keep silence; agree with; happen to; succeed in; suffer from; take part in; belong to等
　　He once remarked that we all belong to the so-called “Lost Generation”.

4.有些動詞用主動表被動含義。
　　e.g.感官動詞sound, feel, touch等；sell; need; be worth; require; be to blame
　　The garden doesn’t need watering  since it rained last night.
　　(=does not need to be watered)
　　The book is worth reading./ It’s worth reading the book.

希望各位烤鴨們在考場中遇到流程圖時能夠沉著冷靜地解題咯。

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