GMAT閱讀話題分類——自然科學(xué)類

關(guān)鍵字 GMAT閱讀題型分類 GMAT閱讀高分 GMAT讀真題 GMAT閱讀自然科學(xué)類

2015-11-02 來源：新通外語網(wǎng)igo99.cn 作者：新通外語閱讀量：手機(jī)閱讀

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According to a recent theory Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view (that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary tocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.
　　The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.
　　
1.The author is primarily concerned with
A.advocating a return to an older methodology
B.explaining the importance of a recent theory
C.enumerating differences between two widely used methods
D.describing events leading to a discovery
E.challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based
2.According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems
A.were formed from metamorphic fluids
B.originated in molten granite-like bodies
C.were formed from alluvial deposits
D.generally have surface expression
E.are not discoverable through chemical tests
3.The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?(推論題)
A.Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago
B.Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid
C.Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration
D.Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area
E.Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial gold has previously been found
4.Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?
A.The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.
B.New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.
C.It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.
D.Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.
E.Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.
5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?
A.A gold-quartz vein system originating in magmatic fluids
B.A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids
C.A gold deposit that is mixed with granite
D.A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold
E.A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos
6.The theory mentioned in line1-5 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?
A.It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.
B.It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual models.
C.It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
D.It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.
E.It suggests that simple prospecting methods still have a higher success rate in the discovery of gold deposits than do more modern methods.
7.According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?
A.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.
B.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.
C.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression.
D.Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach.
E. Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are unlikely to yield concentrated quantities of gold.

查看正確答案和解析

參考答案：BACBD AC
解析：
　　邏輯簡圖：觀點(diǎn)對比型
　　第一段
　　第一層：介紹最新的關(guān)于太古代年齡黃金石英脈系統(tǒng)形成理論。
　　第二層：介紹與最新理論相悖的被廣泛認(rèn)可的理論。
　　第二段
　　第一層：最新理論的重大實(shí)踐意義：最初發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦只需簡單地根據(jù)砂金痕跡探測，而現(xiàn)在由于大多數(shù)金礦埋于地下，不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
　　第三段
　　第一層：金礦勘測的難點(diǎn)以及目前廣泛使用的三種探測方法。
　　第二層：如果勘察的地點(diǎn)從來沒有礦化，那么目前被廣泛使用的高科技方法就沒有一個有價值。
　　第三層：地層選擇依賴于概念模型的程度變化，而概念模型要考慮相關(guān)因素的理論研究。
　　第四段
　　第一層：概念模型的建立依據(jù)和作用。
　　1.The author is primarily concerned with(主旨題)
　　A.advocating a return to an older methodology(提倡回歸傳統(tǒng)方法，不符合原文內(nèi)容，排除)
　　B.explaining the importance of a recent theory(解釋最近的一種理論的重要性，符合文章內(nèi)容，正確)
　　C.enumerating differences between two widely used methods(列舉二種被廣泛運(yùn)用的理論的差異，不符合原文內(nèi)容，排除)
　　D.describing events leading to a discovery(描述事件導(dǎo)致的發(fā)現(xiàn)，不符合原文內(nèi)容，排除)
　　E.challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based(質(zhì)疑建立理論的假設(shè)，不符合原文內(nèi)容，排除)
　　2.According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems(細(xì)節(jié)題)回文定位至第一段第二層
　　A.were formed from metamorphic fluids( 正確，對應(yīng)文中This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids)
　　B.originated in molten granite-like bodies(層次定位錯誤， molten granite-like bodies是recent theory中提到的，排除)
　　C.were formed from alluvial deposits(段落定位錯誤，alluvial deposits是在最初淘金方法中提到的，排除)
　　D.generally have surface expression(根據(jù)文章，是指 gold deposits exposed at the Earth’s surface，而非gold-quartz vein systems，排除)
　　E.are not discoverable through chemical tests(根據(jù)文章，chemical tests 能夠探測出礦化的金礦，所以應(yīng)是discoverable，排除)
　　3.The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?(推論題)
　　A.Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago(文中沒有任何信息表明超過20億年的site更有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦，排除)
　　B.Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid(文章雖肯定了recent theory的實(shí)踐意義，但并不意味著要限制探索已知的由metamorphic fluid形成的sites，過分推理，排除)
　　C.Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration(正確， conceptual models可幫助研究人員找到最有可能礦化的site)
　　D.Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area(根據(jù)文章，geophysical methods將沒有任何價值如果勘察的地點(diǎn)從來沒有礦化，排除)
　　E.Limiting exploration to sites where alluvial gold has previously been found(根據(jù)文章第二段，Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression，排除)
　　4.Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?(細(xì)節(jié)題)
　　A.The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.(文章未涉及黃金發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)量，排除)
　　B.New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization.(正確，由于大多數(shù)金礦埋于地下，探測人員必須找到最有可能含有地下礦石的site)
　　C.It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.(文章未涉及黃金發(fā)現(xiàn)的產(chǎn)量，排除)
　　D.Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.(根據(jù)文章，Although these same methods still lead to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression，現(xiàn)今的探測人員并沒有質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)方法的效用，排除)
　　E.Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.(文章并沒說在此model指導(dǎo)下找到金礦，排除)
　　5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?(推論題)
　　A.A gold-quartz vein system originating in magmatic fluids(根據(jù)文章，這是recent theory的觀點(diǎn)，但并沒說此gold-quartz vein system 有易于探測的地表顯示，排除)
　　B.A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids(根據(jù)文章，這是被廣泛認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，但并沒說此gold-quartz vein system 有易于探測的地表顯示，排除)
　　C.A gold deposit that is mixed with granite(文章并未涉及gold deposit that is mixed with granite，排除)
　　D.A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold(正確，對應(yīng)文中g(shù)old deposits were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily easily traced by simple prospecting methods)
　　E.A gold deposit that exhibits chemical halos(文中第三段第一層提到了關(guān)于chemical halos的test，但顯然這不是 the easiest means)
　　6.The theory mentioned in line1-5 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?(細(xì)節(jié)題)回文定位至第一段第一層
　　A.It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.(符合原文內(nèi)容，正確)
　　B.It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized, thus confirming current conceptual models.(最新理論未確認(rèn)models，不符合原文內(nèi)容，排除)
　　C.It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.(與原文內(nèi)容相反，根據(jù)文章，最近理論有利于 the formulation of conceptual models，排除)
　　D.It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.(不符合原文內(nèi)容，根據(jù)文章，最新理論并未correct existing theories about the chemical halos，相反最新理論還有利于conceptual models的形成和發(fā)展，排除)
　　E.It suggests that simple prospecting methods still have a higher success rate in the discovery of gold deposits than do more modern methods.(最新理論未比較發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦的方法，無關(guān)方法的比較，排除)
　　7.According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?(細(xì)節(jié)題)
　　A.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.(文章未涉及molten gold，也未涉及探測molten gold的方法，排除)
　　B.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.(根據(jù)文章， most gold deposits are buried，排除)
　　C.Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression.(符合原文內(nèi)容，正確)
　　D.Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach.(文章未涉及 types of gold deposits 和難以探測到的regions，排除)
　　E. Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration, since the other types of gold deposits are unlikely to yield concentrated quantities of gold.(文章未涉及types and yields of gold deposits，排除)