【攻略】托福閱讀選非題分析

托福閱讀題目中的選非題的本質(zhì)其實(shí)也是細(xì)節(jié)題，跟細(xì)節(jié)題不同之處在于，細(xì)節(jié)題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)是符合題目要求的且是原文提到的正確觀點(diǎn)，而選非題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有三個(gè)是原文提到的正確內(nèi)容，考生需要找出一個(gè)內(nèi)容不正確或文中未提及的選項(xiàng)。選非題也有兩種基本的解題技巧，一是根據(jù)主題詞去原文中尋找并列，二是通過選項(xiàng)到原文中定位排除。

第一，根據(jù)主題詞去原文中尋找并列。
選非題在原文中一般是有并列結(jié)構(gòu)存在的，因此我們首先選用的方法是根據(jù)題干中的主題詞去原文定位，看看是否有并列存在。并列分兩種情況，第一種是在原文中集中列舉，如including A, B, C and D。第二種是在原文中分散列舉，如first...second....third....;或者.....moreover/in addition......，當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)有moreover或者in addition這樣的字眼時(shí)，就要知道在這之前肯定還有別的并列內(nèi)容，在原文找到這些并列內(nèi)容之后，就可以跟選項(xiàng)一一對(duì)應(yīng)，選出原文沒有提到的，或者與原文相反的，或者雖然是原文提到的正確信息但是答非所問的選項(xiàng)。下面我們就來具體看一個(gè)例子。

Paragraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT
○A mountain valley
○Flat land
○A lake floor
○The seafloor

首先根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞sediment-laden定位至原文第一句說river or stream emerges from a mountain valley，說明a mountain valley是河流的發(fā)源地而不是積累沉淀的地方，因此直接就可以選出A。后面說了emerges from ...onto relatively flat land, dropping its load,即是將load留在了flat land上，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B;接著下一句說also dropped說明后面緊跟的也是河流積累沉淀的地方，the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor，說明沉淀也會(huì)留在lake floor或者sea floor，分別對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C和D。

第二，通過選項(xiàng)到原文中定位排除。
當(dāng)在原文中找不到明顯的并列內(nèi)容，或者原文的段落很長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)也很長(zhǎng)，或者通過題干關(guān)鍵詞無法定位的話，我們就會(huì)選擇用選項(xiàng)到原文中進(jìn)行定位，一一排除正確選項(xiàng)，選出錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。通過選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行定位時(shí)還是要根據(jù)我們之前在細(xì)節(jié)題中講過的定位方法進(jìn)行定位。下面我們來看一個(gè)具體的例子。

Paragraph1: The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true statements about Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia EXCEPT:
○ Collectively, these regions are traditionally known as Oceania.
○ These islands of Micronesia are small and spread out.
○ Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand mark the boundaries of Polynesia.
○ Melanesia is situated to the north of Micronesia.

這個(gè)題目的題干中有三個(gè)地點(diǎn)，但是我們通過這三個(gè)詞去原文定位發(fā)現(xiàn)整個(gè)段落都是講這三個(gè)地點(diǎn)，因此我們不能用它們來進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位，而且在原文中也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的并列關(guān)系，所以我們就需要利用選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行定位。A選項(xiàng)根據(jù)Oceania定位至原文第一句，跟選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)，A排除;B和D選項(xiàng)共同可以利用Micronesia定位至第三句，發(fā)現(xiàn)原文說的是Mi在Me的北面，D選項(xiàng)正好與原文相反，所以就可以選出答案D。C選項(xiàng)根據(jù) Polynesia定位至原文第四句，選項(xiàng)跟原文一致，C也排除。因此最終答案選D。

通過上述分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，方法二“通過選項(xiàng)到原文中定位排除”相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單易操作，所以建議各位考生在平時(shí)練習(xí)過程中多采用“排除法”進(jìn)行選非題的練習(xí)，這樣不僅能練習(xí)快速瀏覽的能力，而且還能節(jié)省做題時(shí)間。

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