GRE寫作Argument 范文：社會(huì)與自然類

題目：
Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago. Within 3,000 years, most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Humans, however, could not have been a factor in the species' extinction because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals. Climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
范文及解析：
In this argument the speaker concludes that humans could not have caused the extinction of large mammal species in the Kaliko islands. To justify this conclusion, the speaker points out that no evidence exists that humans hunted or had contact with these mammals. The speaker also indicates that while archeologists have found bones of discarded fish in the islands, they have not found any discarded mammal bones there. There are three reasons why this argument isn’t persuasive.
【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument開頭段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：C – E - F的開頭結(jié)構(gòu)，首句概括原文的C(Conclusion)。接下來(lái)的一句話概括了原文為了支持他的結(jié)論所引用的E(Evidence)。最后尾句中給出開頭段到正文段的過(guò)渡句，指出原文在邏輯上存在F(Flaw)。
【此段功能】
本段作為Argument開頭段，具體功能就在發(fā)起攻擊。首先，概括原文的結(jié)論：人類不可能引起Kaliko(簡(jiǎn)稱K)島上大型哺乳動(dòng)物的滅絕。接下來(lái)分別列舉了原文為了支持這個(gè)結(jié)論引用的證據(jù)：一是沒(méi)有關(guān)于人類獵殺或接觸這些動(dòng)物的證據(jù)，二是考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)丟棄的魚骨但沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)丟棄的mammal的骨頭。論據(jù)的歸納用于鋪墊出正文段的具體攻擊。最后點(diǎn)出原文存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤，引出后面的分析。
First, the argument concludes that humans did not have had any significant contact with the mammals based on the fact that no physical evidence exists to indicate as much. The author overlooks the possibility that humans exported mammals during this time period or had some other contact that caused the extinction. Perhaps the humans took over sources of food or critical habitats, which allowed the animals to service. Without ruling out alternative explanations, the speaker cannot Support the conclusion of the argument.
【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。
【此段功能】
本段作為正文第一段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：因果類錯(cuò)誤(忽略他因)。原文中雖然提到?jīng)]有發(fā)現(xiàn)人類獵殺和接觸的證據(jù)，但作者人為原文忽略了人類對(duì)mammal其他方面的影響。進(jìn)一步，作者提出其他的可能性來(lái)證實(shí)自己的觀點(diǎn)。例如，人類可能搶占了mammal的food或者critical habitat。如果沒(méi)有排除這些可能的因素，就不能得出原文中的論斷。
Secondly, the argument relies on the assumption that without significant contact with these other species humans could not have been a factor in their extinction but the speaker provides no evidence. Perhaps humans drove these other species away from their natural habitat by intruding on their territory. Perhaps humans consumed the plants and animals on which these species relied for their subsistence. Either scenario would explain how humans could have been a factor in the extinction of these species despite a lack of significant contact.
【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第二個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。
【此段功能】
本段作為正文第二段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤因果(忽略他因)。原文中認(rèn)為人不可能造成mammal滅絕因?yàn)闆](méi)有significant contact。作者認(rèn)為，原文在這方面缺乏證據(jù)。進(jìn)一步，作者提出其他人類造成mammal滅絕的可能性，例如人類占據(jù)了mammal的棲息地，或者人類消耗了mammal吃的動(dòng)物或植物。
Thirdly, the speaker assumes that the bones of fish that archeologists have found discarded on the island were discarded by humans, and not by some other large mammal. However, the speaker provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. Perhaps the source of fish ran out and the animals died. Maybe the animals ingested a seaborne poison and entered it into the food chain. Given other possible explanations this evidence lends little credible support to the speaker's theory about the extinction of large species of mammals.
【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來(lái)給出合理的理由和他因來(lái)反駁原文。
【此段功能】
本段作為正文第三段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤因果(論據(jù)模糊)。原文中提到發(fā)現(xiàn)discarded fish bone沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)discarded mammal bone，作者認(rèn)為這不足以說(shuō)明mammal的滅絕不是認(rèn)為因素引起的。進(jìn)一步，作者給出了兩種可能性來(lái)反駁原文的觀點(diǎn)。一是mammal的滅絕可能是因?yàn)轸~被過(guò)于消耗，二是mammal可能吸收了海中的毒素并把這種毒素帶到食物鏈中。
In conclusion, the argument is unconvincing. To strengthen it, the speaker must found all of the assumptions. For example, the speaker must rule out the possibility that humans exported the animals or bones. Or, perhaps, recognize that a lack of physical evidence doesn’t necessarily indicate the presence or absence of contact. To better evaluate the argument, the audience would need more information about the diet of humans and of the now-extinct mammals during that time period. Particularly, the audience would need to know whether those other mammals also fed on the fish whose discarded bones have been found on the islands.
【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument結(jié)尾段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：C–S的結(jié)尾結(jié)構(gòu)，首先再次重申原文的站不住腳的Conclusion，接下來(lái)給出給合理建議Suggestion。
【此段功能】
本段作為Argument結(jié)尾段，具體功能就總結(jié)歸納+建議措施，首先再次重申原文的論斷是沒(méi)有說(shuō)服力的。接下來(lái)作者給出幾條建議：一是作者需要排除人類把mammal或它們的骨頭帶走的可能性，二是要知道當(dāng)時(shí)人類和滅絕動(dòng)物的飲食習(xí)慣，三是要知道滅絕的mammal是否以被發(fā)現(xiàn)骨頭的魚類為食。這幾條建議含蓄的隱射前面的錯(cuò)誤，前后呼應(yīng)，文章有力結(jié)尾，渾然一體。
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