【語法】SAT語法之平行結(jié)構(gòu)解析

SAT語法在考試結(jié)構(gòu)上分成三個(gè)層次：詞法，句法及段法。對(duì)于考生來講，詞法和段法是很簡單的，而真正決定他們能否快速而又高質(zhì)量地做完所有題目則是有句法題目的速度來決定的。在此，筆者想對(duì)句法中一種結(jié)構(gòu)：平行結(jié)構(gòu)，做以下分析和闡述，希望能對(duì)SAT考生有一種啟發(fā)和有益的引導(dǎo)。

平行結(jié)構(gòu)考點(diǎn)，顧名思義，即考察學(xué)生對(duì)于并列結(jié)構(gòu)的識(shí)別及認(rèn)識(shí)。下面從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)入手給出了自己的平行分析及歸類，我們用SAT例題做以下分析：

平行結(jié)構(gòu)：賓語平行

Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive.
　　(A) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive
　　(B) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and
physical inactivity
　　(C) include high blood pressure, blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive
　　(D) Includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive
　　(E) Includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive

題干錯(cuò)誤比較明顯，謂語include后面分為四個(gè)平行的賓語，high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive，前三個(gè)部分均為名詞短語，最后一個(gè)部分為動(dòng)詞不定式，因此在成分上與前面三個(gè)不平行。因此排除A,C,D,E（同時(shí)D,E中出現(xiàn)主謂不一致的情況），B為正確選項(xiàng)。

平行結(jié)構(gòu)：句子平行

Surface mining is safer, quicker, and cheaper than deeper mining, but the　greater is its toll in human misery.
　　(A) the greater is its toll in human misery
　　(B) it has a greater human misery toll
　　(C) in its human misery toll it is greater
　　(D) there is the greater toll in human misery
　　(E) its toll in human misery is greater

題干語法無錯(cuò)誤，剩余選項(xiàng)也很難排除，但注意句子的核心結(jié)構(gòu)，便不難發(fā)現(xiàn)E為最佳答案（surface mining is safer….【主系表結(jié)構(gòu)】與its toll..is greater【主系表結(jié)構(gòu)】保持平行），A為主系表倒裝，而題干為劃線部分為正常句子結(jié)構(gòu)；同理排除C；B為主謂賓句型、D為there be句型，均不平行。正確答案E。

雖然句子平行的題目在SAT考試中較少，但對(duì)于SAT的寫作來講的確提供了一種很好的結(jié)構(gòu)搭配。比如在Dickens所著的A City of Two Tales這本小說中，第一段映入眼簾的便是一段語氣輝煌蓬勃的文字：

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

如果考生能夠把握其中的語言特點(diǎn)及搭配模式，那在SAT考官手中的作文分?jǐn)?shù)一定會(huì)大大提升的。

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