小編希望通過這篇文章為同學們提供一種思考方式，大家可以沿襲這種模式（包含“文章短記”、“核心詞匯”、“難題剖析”三個方面）對SAT OG 和真題文章進行整理，這樣能夠保證全面鍛煉篇章閱讀所需的各種技能，離高分更進一步。
本文分為三個部分：
1. 文章短記：簡要介紹本次考試篇章閱讀的文章情況。
2. 核心詞匯：收錄文章中影響理解的部分重點詞匯，并附上英文解釋以供參考。
3. 難題剖析：通過對本次考試中兩道難題的剖析，向同學們展示最終選出正確答案前，有效的分析步驟是什么。
文章短記
單短篇1：
文體：議論
主題：西班牙語與英語的結(jié)合
語言難度：4 （難詞率高）
難題：9 （感情色彩判斷，線索隱晦）
單短篇2：
文體：散文
主題：休斯頓火箭中心的衰落與周邊景觀的變化
語言難度：3
難題：12（干擾項E，有過度推導嫌疑）
單長篇：（70 行）
文體：散文
主題：黑人回憶種族隔離時期作為少年/ 少女的自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷與精神體驗
語言難度：3
難題：18（類比題，類比雙方涉及的因素較多）；22（干擾項使用一個易混詞，將區(qū)分度降至很低）
短對比：
P1 論點：博客作為新的新聞媒體，比傳統(tǒng)的新聞媒體更優(yōu)越，因其有互動性。
P2 論點：博客與傳統(tǒng)新聞媒體無區(qū)別，因其快節(jié)奏的新聞更替，故擅長發(fā)布新聞，不擅長開發(fā)新的想法，更不適用于學術(shù)界。
難題：8（通過高頻詞原則把握P2 的核心主旨）
中長篇1：（50 行）
文體：說明
主題：巖石滲水性的過程分析
語言：3（與托福接近）
難題：14（演繹題，線索為原文圈定范圍的最后一句，比較難找）
中長篇2：（64 行）
文體：散文（前半段記敘體，后半段議論體）
主題：作者回憶兒時的房車給
自己和家庭帶來的體驗，并聯(lián)想與丈夫共同探討人類基因的流動性
語言難度：4（生活類名詞較多）
難題：16（作用題，涉及幽默）；
24（題目思路不嚴謹，原文證據(jù)匱乏）
長對比：
P1：（語言難度：3）
主旨：大學因商業(yè)化正失去自己的獨立性
A. 大學與商業(yè)機構(gòu)的合作正違背自己的學術(shù)精神價值觀
B. 大學教育‘產(chǎn)品’的服務(wù)化使得學生無心向?qū)W，教授的職業(yè)精神遭受挑戰(zhàn)
P2：（語言難度：3）
主旨：
A． 大學的商業(yè)化在歷史上已有先例，屬于經(jīng)常發(fā)生的現(xiàn)象
B． 然而今天的大學商業(yè)化并不比歷史上嚴重，因為每個時代的大學中總有一股學者的力量抵制著商業(yè)化，保存著大學學術(shù)的獨立精神
難題：8（原文相關(guān)信息少，證據(jù)模糊）；
9（證明題，抓住原文命題的主要概念）；
10（細節(jié)題，考察熟詞僻義）；
14（功能題，考察讓步結(jié)構(gòu)）；
19（主旨關(guān)系題，考察單詞的準確理解）
核心詞匯
單短篇1
ubiquitous : present ,appearing, or found everywhere amalgam: a mixture or blend endorse: declare one's public approval or support of:stagnant: (of a body of water or the atmosphere of a confined space) having no current or flow and often having an unpleasant smell as a consequence inexplicable: unable to be explained or accounted for
單短篇2
ambience: the character and atmosphere of a place dismantle: take (a machine or structure) to pieces beckon: make a gesture with the hand, arm, or head to encourage someone to come nearer or follow
單長篇
segregate: set apart from the rest or from each other; isolate or divide ravenous: extremely hungry alight: (of a bird) descend from the air and settle execrable: extremely bad or unpleasant amiss : not quiteright ;inappropriate or out of place rectify: put something right ; correct impose: force (something unwelcome or unfamiliar) to be accepted or put in place gory: involving or showing violence and bloodshed genre: a category of artistic composition, as in musicor literature , characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.
短對比
arena: a place or scene of activity, debate, or conflict freewheeling: acting without concern for rules, conventions, or the consequences of one's actions egalitarian: of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities chew over: discuss or consider something at length
中長篇1
porous: (of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.insinuate: slide (oneself or a thing) slowly and smoothly into a position crevice: a narrow opening or fissure, esp. in a rock or wall. ensue: happen or oc cur afterward or as a result façade: the face of a building,esp. the principal front that looks onto a street or open space crumble: break or fall apart into small fragments, esp. over a period of time as part of a process of deterioration salt-impregnated: soaked or saturated with salt
中長篇2
miniature: (esp. of a replica of something) of a much smaller size than normal; very small upholstery: soft, padded textile covering that is fixed to furniture such as armchairs and sofas. squint: look at someone or something with one or both eyes partly closed in an attempt to see more clearly or as a reaction to strong light beige: a pale sandy yellowishbrown color thrall: the state of being in someone's power or having great power over someone tip-tap: an alternating light knocking or tapping contour: an outline, esp. one representing or bounding the shape or form of something sweeping: wide in range or effect fatalistic: the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. anticlimax: a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events play down: make (something) appear less important than it really is grudge: a persistent feeling of ill will or resentment resulting from a past insult or injury
長對比
egregious: outstandingly bad;shocking mandate: an official order or commission to do something at odds: in conflict or at variance clause: a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract. veto: a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body ordeal: a painful or horrific experience, esp. a protracted one infringement: the action of limiting or undermining something self-righteous: having or characterized by a certainty, esp. an unfounded one, that one is totally correct or morally superior smug: having or showing an excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements serene: calm, peaceful, and untroubled; tranquil lament: express one's deep grief utilitarian: designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive ingrain: firmly fix or establish (a habit, belief, or attitude) in a person dividend: a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).undertaking: a formal pledge or promise to do something idiosyncratic: of or relating to idiosyncrasy; peculiar or individual
特殊用法：
disinterested: not influenced by considerations of personal advantage bent: a natural talent or inclination brave : endureorface
(unpleasant conditions or behavior)without showing fear divine: discover (something)by guesswork or intuition fault: an extended break in a body of rock, marked by the relative displacement and discontinuity of strata on either side of a particular surface. weather : we a r awa y o r change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure tothe air sport: wear or display (a distinctive or noticeable item)frequent: visit (a place) oftenor habitually
難題剖析
一、
單短篇1：
西班牙語與英語的結(jié)合，Question 9
9. The author of the passage regards the “hybrid” (line 9) as something
(A) inexplicable (B) ingenious(C) ludicrous (D) ominous (E)unfortunate
原文句：A sign of the growing Latino presence in the United States is the astonishingly creative amalgam spoken by many people of Hispanic descent in major cities and in rural areas as well: neither Spanish nor English, but a hybrid known as Spanglish .
解析： 本題為態(tài)度題。態(tài)度題為議論文中專司作者立場的題型，核心要點為尋找感情色彩詞。
本題常誤選A，因本句的下兩句是‘The term is controversial, and so is its impact. Purists refuse to endorse Spanglish as a vehicle of communication; they regard speech as stagnant, when in truth it undergoes eternal renovation.’選A 的同學認為，既然‘混種語’這個概念頗具爭議，且從下句話中可看出這個概念內(nèi)部的矛盾性，則可以理解‘inexplicable’（不可解釋的）。但這是一個干擾項。
SAT 閱讀中最大的學問在于干擾項的排除，即在‘剩余兩個符合了多種原文條件的選項之間做最后的選擇’�；镜牟襟E是，1. 仔細檢查是否有原文誤讀；2. 仔細檢查是否有選項誤讀；3. 劃出兩個選項中最具關(guān)鍵性的詞匯；4. 將劃出的詞匯進行比較，原文中線索越明顯的越正確；5. 若以上步驟還不能排除，則選擇與全文主旨邏輯最吻合的選項。
我們來比較A 和B：‘ 不可解釋的’和‘天才的’，與原文進行比對。支撐‘ 不可解釋的’ 之證據(jù)來源于后一句， 且從‘ 矛盾的’得出‘不可解釋的’需要一定的推理步驟；支撐‘天才的’之證據(jù)來源于本句，線索為‘驚人地具有創(chuàng)意的混合體’（astonishingly creative amalgam）。比較后我們認為B 優(yōu)于A， 因為1. amalgam是hybrid 之同義替換；2. creative對應(yīng)ingenious 時基本可以算同義替換， 不需要推理步驟；3.creative 與ingenious 同屬褒義詞，這一點符合態(tài)度題的考察技能。故B 的線索比A 明顯，選擇B。
二、單長篇：
黑人回憶種族隔離的時期作為少年/ 少女的自己的閱讀經(jīng)歷與精神體驗，Question 22。
22. The author mentions“ Agatha Christie ’ s Mi s sMarple” (line 64) in order to
(A) liken a real person to afictional character
(B) substantiate a point abouta literary genre
(C) show how his tastes hadchanged when he returned to reading mysteries
(D)exemplify how a detective's methods are presented in mystery novels
(E) identify a unique character in mystery novels
原文句：Many mystery novels have older women as detectives—Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple being the most well known. There is no other literary genre in which older women are treated with such dignity, respect, and love.
解析：本題為功能題，宗旨是考察學生對以句子和段落為單位的文本之寫作邏輯的理解。要點在于抓住考察句與前后句的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)，并在選項中選出相應(yīng)的詞匯即可。許多同學會在B 和E 之間徘徊。
比較：
B = substantiate a point about a literary genre 支撐證據(jù) = a point 指代前句話‘Many mystery novels have older women as detectives’�？梢哉J為這句話使用many mystery novels 作為主語，具有明顯的概括功能（generalization），故而稱為a point 也沒錯。同時literary genre指代mystery novels，且在下句話原文重現(xiàn)。
E = identify a unique character in mystery novels 支撐證據(jù) = a unique character 同樣可以指代前一句話‘identify a unique character in mystery novels’，將其視為‘神秘小說的一種特點’。同時mystery novels 是原文重現(xiàn)。
‘原文重現(xiàn)’原本是一種姑且可以嘗試的判斷標準。假設(shè)AB 兩個選項，說的意思差不多，同學不能讀出區(qū)別，則可以嘗試排除掉重現(xiàn)原文單詞或詞組的那個選項，原因是干擾項設(shè)置有時會采用重復原文單詞，但改換其單詞的含義這種做法。
但是在本題中，兩個選項都有原文重現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，不容易從中判斷。那么這道題看來兩個選項的性質(zhì)非常接近，到底該選誰呢？難道題目出的不嚴密？本次考試中的確有出的不嚴密的題目，但不是這一道�；仡櫼幌挛覀兦懊嫠f的判斷，有一條其實并未做好：‘仔細檢查是否有選項誤讀’�？闯鰜砹嗣�？其實E 選項根本不是我們理解的那個意思。
出題人從學生的語料庫中掌握到， 不少學生不能正確區(qū)分character 和characteristic。單以名詞性質(zhì)而論，前者的意思是1. 人的品格；2. 漢字；3. 角色。后者的意思就一個：特點。許多學生看到character，加上本題的語境影響，先入為主地認為這是‘特點’的意思，導致判斷的依據(jù)出現(xiàn)偏差。所以E 選項的意思并不是‘確定神秘小說的一種特點’，而是‘確定多部神秘小說中的一個人物’。這種指代不明的干擾項，明顯不是針對邏輯誤區(qū)而設(shè)置的，而是針對語言點‘character vs. characteristic’而設(shè)置的。尾記詞匯是思考的基本單位。SAT需要即將進入美國大學1、2 年級接受通識教育的各位candidate 具備較強的‘精準思考’技能。這意味著許多詞匯所代表的概念，不管外延還是內(nèi)涵，都需要同學們有比較明確的認識。比如長對比19 題的正確選項里有一個詞是development。
選項句是’critical of a current development, whereas Passage 2 places that development in its historical context’。下面是兩個development 相關(guān)的定義：
• a new and refined product or idea: the latest developments in information technology.
• an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation: I don't think there have been any new developments since yesterday.
原文P1 談‘最近這些年來大學被嚴重商業(yè)化了’， 所以使用development 這個詞絕對是恰到好處，對應(yīng)上面的第二個定義。當然我們不能否認，越是學到深處，詞匯的定義就越難。比如你能否定義‘ 分析’（analysis）？我們使用這個概念很多年，你能說出它的準確定義么？ 實際上你不能。因為這個概念已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于多個學科， 而在每個學科里它都代表不同的概念。在business 中有financial statement analysis,price analysis, consumer behaviour analysis 等等， 在statistics 中有scale analysis, factor analysis 等等， 不勝枚舉。作為非專業(yè)人士， 我們只需要做到基本的‘ 模糊理解’（fuzzy interpretation）即可。比如analysis 必然包含兩個動作：1. 將對象進行切割分類（categorization）；2. 將分出來的unit 進行關(guān)系上的梳理（exploration of relations）。
