雙語：霧都重生記

60年前的那場倫敦大霧布萊恩·謝爾特記憶猶新。在那些霧靄朦朧的日子里，小布萊恩不得不摸索著從學(xué)校走回家。那個(gè)寒冬，為斗火取暖，家家戶戶的煤爐都在制造煙霧，空氣中彌漫著一股煤炭和木頭燒焦的味道。布萊恩說，把手放在面前都看不到，毫不夸張。
　　Brian Salter remembers clearly those foggy days. It was 60 years ago in London and the schoolboy had to feel all the way home from school. Smoke was let out from every household as residents stoked up their coal fires to keep warm in that bitterly cold winter and the air was filled with a smell of coal and wood burning. You couldn't even see the hands before your face, literally, Brian said.

1952年12月5日，一場死寂的、令人窒息的煙霧將倫敦街道牢牢罩住。大霧散去的4天以，4000多人喪命。迄今為止，這起事故仍是全球空氣污染史上最大的一次災(zāi)難。令人震驚的死亡數(shù)據(jù)讓倫敦市重新審視空氣污染問題。"霧都劫難"向世人證明了空氣污染確實(shí)可以致命。英國政府自此誓言驅(qū)散霧霾。
　　On Dec 5, 1952, a silent, suffocating shroud settled over the capital's streets. By the time it lifted, 4 days later, more than 4,000 people had lost their lives in what is still officially the world's worst air pollution disaster. These shocking revelations led to a rethinking of air pollution. The disaster demonstrated to people around the world that it was a real and deadly problem. The British government since then vowed to clean the air.

針對燃煤釋放的煤煙問題，英政府出臺一系列法律法規(guī)，通過設(shè)立無煙塵區(qū)等措施嚴(yán)控不潔燃料的使用。

1954年，倫敦市出臺《倫敦城法案(多項(xiàng)賦權(quán))》，控制煙霧排放。1956年，英國將這一舉措普及至全國，推出了《清潔空氣法》。這些法案引進(jìn)了一系列舉措來控制空氣污染，其中最為重要的就是在城鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立"無煙塵區(qū)"，只許燒無煙煤。家庭取暖的燃料變成了清潔煤、電和天然氣，其排放的煤煙污染和二氧化硫隨之減少。
　　In 1954, the city began to introduce regulations on smoke through the City of London (Various Powers) Act, and the country followed with the Clean Air Act of 1956. These Acts introduced a number of measures to reduce air pollution, especially by introducing "smoke control areas" in some towns and cities in which only smokeless fuels could be burnt. By shifting homes' sources of heat towards cleaner coals, electricity, and gas it reduced the amount of smoke pollution and sulphur (硫) dioxide from household fires.

1968年，英國修正《清潔空氣法》，以鞏固空氣質(zhì)量的改善。修正案要求燒煤和天然氣等其他燃料的工廠必須使用高煙囪。立法時(shí)，政府意識到煤煙污染已經(jīng)可以控制，但想要驅(qū)散二氧化硫尚有困難。因此，煙囪建得越高，空氣污染就能更快地驅(qū)散。
　　The Clean Air Act was revised in 1968 to reinforce these changes. The amendment ordered industries burning coal, gas or other fuels to use tall chimneys. At the time of this legislation the government recognized that smoke pollution could be controlled, but that sulphur dioxide removal was generally impracticable. Hence, the higher the chimney, the better the dispersal of the air pollution

《清潔空氣法》頒布后，城區(qū)空氣質(zhì)量顯著改善，特別是工業(yè)和家庭燃煤所制造的煙霧、沙礫和灰塵得到了控制。
　　Urban air quality improved significantly following the Clean Air Acts. In particular, the smoke, grit (沙礫) and dust that arose from industrial and domestic sources due to coal burning had been controlled.

進(jìn)入七八十年代以來，汽車的大量普及使交通尾氣取代煤煙成為大氣污染的頭號殺手，倫敦市開始重點(diǎn)治理汽車尾氣污染。

2003年，倫敦市開始對工作日穿行市中心的私車收費(fèi)，以緩解交通擁堵，并募集資金對交通情況做進(jìn)一步改善。在市中心開車的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)費(fèi)用為10英鎊，在沒有付款的情況下開進(jìn)中心城區(qū)將被罰60至187英鎊。
　　In 2003, the city of London started charging a fee for driving private automobiles in its central area during weekdays as a way to reduce traffic congestion and raise revenues to fund transport improvements. The standard fee for applicable vehicles is ￡10 per day if you want to drive downtown. Failure to pay results in a fine between ￡60 and ￡187.

"擁堵費(fèi)計(jì)劃"并沒有影響進(jìn)城的人數(shù)，卻改變了人們的交通方式：5至6成人改乘公共交通工具，2至3成選擇繞行，剩下的人做出了其他改變。2002年，38%的倫敦人每天開車，到2006年，這一數(shù)字減少到19%，主要道路上的自行車使用率卻大幅增長了72%。
　　The Congestion Charging Scheme did not affect the number of people who travel to central area but modified the transport methods they use: 50-60% moved to public transport, 20-30% diverted round zone and others implemented other adaptations. In 2002, 38% of people used their cars daily in London. In 2006 this was reduced to 19%. It has also contributed to the growth in bikes: since 2000 there has been a 72% increase in the use of bikes on London's major roads.

倫敦市長在2008年設(shè)立了世界上首個(gè)全市范圍的低排放區(qū)。該計(jì)劃限制污染最嚴(yán)重的柴油車在大倫敦大部分地區(qū)通行，通過對想進(jìn)入大倫敦地區(qū)的重污染車收費(fèi)，來抑制污染車型的使用。不符合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的大貨車、面包車等每天的通行費(fèi)用為100英鎊，卡車、公共汽車和長途大巴等則需付200英鎊。
　　In 2008, the Mayor of London introduced the world's first citywide Low Emission Zone (LEZ). It restricts circulation of the most polluting heavy diesel vehicles in most of Greater London. The LEZ is designed to discourage the use of the most individually polluting vehicles in the Greater London area by imposing heavy charges on them. If your vehicle doesn't meet the emissions standards, the daily charge is ￡100 for larger vans, minibuses and other specialist vehicles, and ￡200 for lorries, buses, coaches and other specialist heavy vehicles.

盡管車流量沒有改變，在這一地區(qū)通行車輛的尾氣排放量卻有所減少，空氣質(zhì)量隨之改善。設(shè)立"低排區(qū)"以前，大倫敦預(yù)計(jì)有100平方公里地區(qū)的PM10超出了每立方米23的年平均目標(biāo)；2012年，超過PM10目標(biāo)水平的地區(qū)減少了11%。
　　Although traffic volumes do not necessarily change, vehicles travelling in an area have lower emissions, and this leads to air quality improvements. Without the proposed LEZ, 100 sq km of Greater London is forecasted to exceed the annual mean PM10 objective of 23 micrograms per cubic meter. In 2012, reductions of around 11% were delivered in the area of London exceeding the PM10 objectives.

2012年，倫敦新巴士開始運(yùn)營。新公交巴士采用了最新的混合動力技術(shù)，燃料利用率比傳統(tǒng)的柴油巴士提高了40%。
　　The New Bus for London, entering service in 2012, incorporates the latest hybrid technology and is 40% more fuel efficient than conventional diesel buses.

倫敦市長還計(jì)劃將倫敦打造成歐洲的電動車之都。政府已額外批準(zhǔn)1700萬英鎊的電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，這筆費(fèi)用將用于鋪建9100個(gè)電動車充電站，首批7500個(gè)將于2013年春天建成，剩下1600個(gè)將在接下來的一年內(nèi)完成。
　　The mayor also plans to make London the electric vehicle capital of Europe. An additional funding of ￡17m for electric vehicle infrastructure has already been confirmed to deliver a network of around 7,500 charging points by spring 2013 with around 1,600 charge points to be installed over the next 12 months.

在政府大力推進(jìn)空氣治理舉措的同時(shí)，民間組織、媒體和企業(yè)也開始行動，全市身體力行投入空氣改善計(jì)劃。倫敦市擁有一個(gè)分布廣泛的空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而它們均由非政府組織倫敦空氣治理網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理�？諝赓|(zhì)量監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)由國王學(xué)院的環(huán)境研究小組建立，目前該組織共有123個(gè)主動監(jiān)測點(diǎn)。
　　London has a widespread network of air quality monitoring stations. They are all administered by the non-governmental organization London Air Quality Network, which is developed by Kings College Environmental Research Group. Currently there are a total of 123 active monitoring sites in the LAQN.

空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)起的"倫敦空氣計(jì)劃"在全市范圍內(nèi)每小時(shí)測量一次污染水平，并繪制污染兩份3D地圖發(fā)布，公眾可查看整體污染情況，也可查看數(shù)據(jù)記錄的任何時(shí)段內(nèi)某一特定污染物的指數(shù)。
　　In its London Air project, the organization records pollution levels across the capital on an hourly basis onto two 3D maps. The public can explore overall pollution or a specific pollutant for any period over which data has been recorded.

英國媒體在監(jiān)督空氣質(zhì)量上可謂相當(dāng)嚴(yán)厲。一旦政府沒能做出有效行動，英國廣播公司、《衛(wèi)報(bào)》等主流媒體就會批評政府無能，并警告英國或被歐盟處以巨額罰款，或利用惡劣空氣每年造成的死亡人數(shù)讓政府敲響警鐘。
　　British media are very strict on air quality scrutiny. Whenever the government fails to make effective action, the BBC, The Guardian and other mainstream media will criticize the incompetence of the authorities and give warnings on either large amounts of EU fines or the deaths the poor air quality is likely to cause each year.

《衛(wèi)報(bào)》曾在2010年批評倫敦市長，稱他自認(rèn)為倫敦空氣已經(jīng)足夠好，要取消向西部擴(kuò)大擁堵區(qū)的計(jì)劃�！缎l(wèi)報(bào)》稱倫敦市長在空氣質(zhì)量的問題上正在倒退，將把事情弄得更糟。
　　The Guardian criticized the mayor's lifting of western extension of the congestion charge in 2010 as he deemed the air in London was clean enough. The newspaper accused him of taking backward steps on air quality and making the problem worse.

英國廣播公司曾調(diào)查出倫敦市長2012年曾游說國際方面放松空氣污染法，這項(xiàng)調(diào)查迫使市長發(fā)布了自己長達(dá)750頁的游說報(bào)告。
　　A BBC investigation once discovered the Mayor of London was lobbying weaken international air pollution laws in 2012. It urged the mayor to release 750 pages of details about his lobbying.

一些商業(yè)公司也采取自發(fā)行動。他們希望向公眾表明， 合并郵寄物品、鼓勵(lì)員工步行前往開會地點(diǎn)之類的小小舉動也能給城市的污染問題帶來切實(shí)改變。
　　Some businesses are also taking action on their own, hoping to show that small steps, like consolidating deliveries and encouraging employees to walk to meetings, can make a real dent in the city's pollution problem.

野村證劵參與了倫敦舊城公司兩年前發(fā)起的城市空氣項(xiàng)目，有效合并了食品、辦公設(shè)備的投遞和垃圾的清運(yùn)以減少卡車運(yùn)輸次數(shù)。它還禁止在辦公室外閑置引擎，并鼓勵(lì)員工夜間拼車回家。
　　Working with the City of London Corp's 2-year-old CityAir program, Nomura has consolidated food and office supply deliveries and garbage pickups to cut truck trips. It has also banned engine idling outside its offices, and encouraged employees to share late-night taxis home.

大型律師事務(wù)所西盟斯亦有類似經(jīng)歷：它的"步行去見客戶"計(jì)劃利用公司內(nèi)部社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)、宣傳海報(bào)和小型折疊地圖來鼓勵(lì)員工避免乘坐短程出租。公司為攜帶沉重文件的員工提供了帶輪子的文件箱，并把這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃推廣到了其他20家律師事務(wù)所。
　　That is also true at Simmons & Simmons, a large law firm: Its Walk to Client program uses an internal social networking site, posters and small foldout maps to prod employees to avoid taxis for short trips. It provides wheeled cases for those with heavy files to carry, and it has promoted the program to 20 other law firms.