托福TPO閱讀真題及譯文：Urban Climates

第一段：

托福TPO閱讀原文：
　　The city is an extraordinary processor of mass and energy and has its own metabolism. A daily input of water, food, and energy of various kinds is matched by an output of sewage, solid waste, air pollutants, energy, and materials that have been transformed in some way. The quantities involved are enormous. Many aspects of this energy use affect the atmosphere of a city, particularly in the production of heat.

托福TPO閱讀翻譯：
　　冬天城市所產(chǎn)生的熱量可以達(dá)到或超過其從太陽那里接收的熱量。所有用來供暖的熱量最后都擴(kuò)散至周圍的空氣中，這個(gè)過程在那些隔熱效果差的房屋里進(jìn)行得最快。一輛汽車所產(chǎn)生的熱量足以為一個(gè)普通的房屋供暖，如果房屋隔熱效果好，一個(gè)成年人產(chǎn)生的熱量就足以讓其保暖了。因此，即使沒有任何工業(yè)產(chǎn)熱，城市地區(qū)也會比它周圍的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)更暖和。

第二段：

托福TPO閱讀原文：
　　In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat available from the Sun. All the heat that warms a building eventually transfers to the surrounding air, a process that is quickest where houses are poorly insulated. But an automobile produces enough heat to warm an average house in winter, and if a house were perfectly insulated, one adult could also produce more than enough heat to warm it. Therefore, even without any industrial production of heat, an urban area tends to be warmer than the countryside that surrounds it.

托福TPO閱讀翻譯：
　　在中國，每一個(gè)朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根據(jù)它們的質(zhì)量和制作年代的不同，可以是實(shí)用器物、陪葬品、貿(mào)易收藏品，甚至是禮器。對于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物體或人物，陶瓷廣義上被分為3大類：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中還有很重要的一類就是宗教用途的雕塑，它們多數(shù)是陶質(zhì)的。

托福TPO怎么用才最高效？托福閱讀如何拿高分？ >> 戳我獲得名師解答
　　撥打免費(fèi)熱線400-618-0272 可獲得新通獨(dú)家托福機(jī)經(jīng)大全哦~

第三段：

托福TPO閱讀原文：
　　The burning of fuel, such as by cars, is not the only source of this increased heat. Two other factors contribute to the higher overall temperature in cities. The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city, which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt. During the day, heat from the Sun can be conducted into these materials and stored—to be released at night. But in the countryside materials have a significantly lower heat capacity because a vegetative blanket prevents heat from easily flowing into and out of the ground. The second factor is that radiant heat coming into the city from the Sun is trapped in two ways: (1) by a continuing series of reflection among the numerous vertical surfaces that buildings present and (2) by the dust dome, the cloudlike layer of polluted air that most cities produce. Shortwave radiation from the Sun passes through the pollution dome more easily than outgoing longwave radiation does; the latter is absorbed by the gaseous pollutants of the dome and reradiated back to the urban surface.

托福TPO閱讀翻譯：
　　燃料的燃燒，比如汽車燃料，并不是這種熱量增加的唯一來源。另外兩個(gè)因素導(dǎo)致了城市較高的整體溫度。第一個(gè)是建造城市的材料的熱容，主要典型材料是瀝青和混凝土。白天，來自太陽的熱量傳入到這些物質(zhì)當(dāng)中并儲存起來，在晚上被釋放。但是在鄉(xiāng)村儲存能量的物質(zhì)熱容更低，因?yàn)橹脖粫�阻止熱量輕易流入和流出地面。第二個(gè)因素是從太陽到城市的輻射熱以兩種形式被攔截了：（1）通過大量建筑的垂直表面的不斷反射（2）通過塵埃，即大多數(shù)城市中受污染空氣組成的云狀物質(zhì)。來自太陽的短波輻射比長波輻射要更容易穿過污染層；后者被這層物質(zhì)中的氣體污染物所吸收，然后重新輻射到城市的表層。

第四段：

托福TPO閱讀原文：
　　Cities, then, are warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and together they produce a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Heat islands develop best under particular conditions associated with light winds, but they can form almost any time. The precise configuration of a heat island depends on several factors. For example, the wind can make a heat island stretch in the direction it blows. When a heat island is well developed, variations can be extreme; in winter, busy streets in cities can be 1.7℃ warmer than the side streets. Areas near traffic lights can be similarly warmer than the areas between them because of the effect of cars standing in traffic instead of moving. The maximum differences in temperature between neighboring urban and rural environments is called the heat-island intensity for that region. In general, the larger the city, the greater its heat-island intensity. The actual level of intensity depends on such factors as the physical layout, population density, and productive activities of a metropolis.

托福TPO閱讀翻譯：
　　城市要比它周圍的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)熱，同時(shí)它們產(chǎn)生了被稱為城市熱島的現(xiàn)象。熱島效應(yīng)在特殊條件下尤其是有微風(fēng)時(shí)最明顯，但是卻幾乎在任何時(shí)候都能形成。熱島的準(zhǔn)確狀態(tài)決定于好幾個(gè)因素。比如風(fēng)能在它出現(xiàn)的地方形成一個(gè)區(qū)域性的熱島。當(dāng)一個(gè)熱島完全形成時(shí)，溫度變化可能會非常極端；在冬天，繁忙的街道可能要比旁邊的街道溫度高1.7℃。那些紅綠燈附近的地區(qū)同樣要比紅綠燈之間的地區(qū)要暖和，因?yàn)槠�車停止時(shí)候的熱效應(yīng)要比運(yùn)動時(shí)明顯。城市周邊和鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境的最大不同是地區(qū)熱島效應(yīng)的程度。一般來講，城市越大，熱島效應(yīng)的程度就越強(qiáng)。實(shí)際上熱島效應(yīng)的程度取決于實(shí)際布局、人口密度、和城市的生產(chǎn)活動等諸多因素。

第五段：

托福TPO閱讀原文：
　　The surface-atmosphere relationships inside metropolitan areas produce a number of climatic peculiarities. For one thing, the presence or absence of moisture is affected by the special qualities of the urban surface. With much of the built-up landscape impenetrable by water, even gentle rain runs off almost immediately from rooftops, streets, and parking lots. Thus, city surfaces, as well as the air above them, tend to be drier between episodes of rain; with little water available for the cooling process of evaporation, relative humidities are usually lower. Wind movements are also modified in cities because buildings increase the friction on air flowing around them. This friction tends to slow the speed of winds, making them far less efficient at dispersing pollutants. On the other hand, air turbulence increases because of the effect of skyscrapers on airflow. Rainfall is also increased in cities. The cause appears to be in part greater turbulence in the urban atmosphere as hot air rises from the built-up surface.

托福TPO閱讀翻譯：
　　在大都市里表面大氣之間的關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了一系列特殊的氣候特征。首先，濕氣的存在與否受到了城市表層特殊性質(zhì)的影響。由于水無法穿過大多數(shù)城市建筑，即使是很小的雨也會立即從屋頂、街道和停車場流到地下。這樣城市表層包括其空氣在雨季的間歇期就會比較干燥；由于蒸發(fā)的冷卻過程缺少水分，相對濕度通常也很低。氣流會因?yàn)槌鞘薪ㄖ�的摩擦而改變。這種摩擦?xí)�降低風(fēng)速，使得氣體擴(kuò)散污染物的效率降低。另一方面，湍流也會因?yàn)槟μ齑髽堑挠绊懚�增加。城市降雨也增加了。其原因部分在于從地表上升的熱空氣所造成的城市大氣中的更大湍流�?/p>