12月21日托福考試機經預測（綜合寫作小范圍版）

托福機經僅為一種預測，盡可能做到準確，但并不保證完全命中，請各位托�？忌鷮嵙�為先，以下預測星級越高越重要，時間緊張可優(yōu)先看星級較高的題目，五星必看，四星有時間一定看，可簡單瀏覽一遍想想思路。

小范圍合集—綜合寫作—

五星級題目：

1閱讀材料講wetland 里面鬼火will-o'-the-wisp 的原因，三個：

①埋在里面的有機體釋放出可燃的氣體。

②是一種electric spark。

③一種能發(fā)光的蘑菇附著在鳥身上

聽力部分反駁：

① 可燃氣體是不動的，但是人們看見的鬼火是move around。

② electric spark 是在wetland 下面的rock 中生成的，不會跑到上面來。

③ 這種蘑菇的發(fā)光物質在體內，要broken into pieces 才有用，但是這種物質不sticky，所以會從鳥身上掉下來

2、侏羅紀時代的生物滅絕了，文章說可能是因為彗星撞地球，依據就是一些發(fā)現的古老的生物還是什么的碎片，然后它們可以 dating back to XXX 年以前，并且在中國，日本還有某個國家都有發(fā)現，然后發(fā)現某個溝壑還是海峽有可能就是那個坑 speech 說第一那些碎片的化學物質沒有因為地殼運動受熱而改變，所以時間應該很短，應該沒有 250-millionold 這么老。第二碎片只在那三個國家被發(fā)現過，如果沖擊力那么強的話，那碎片應該是散落在全世界的。

第三，類似那個坑的坑到處都是，火山運動也會是造成溝壑的原因，該是地球內部地質活動形成的。

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The reading passage presents three pieces of evidence to support the theory that the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was triggered by a meteorite impacting Earth. However, the lecturer rejects this theory by pointing out its weaknesses.

The first evidence is the recent discovery of meteorite fragments containing mineral grains which dated to 250 million years ago, the same time when the extinction occurred. However, the lecturer rejects this theory as unconvincing, arguing that any substance would be transformed completely after 250 million years of gradual chemical process, so the minerals now preserved in the fragments must have been formed quite recently.

The second evidence is the scattered meteorite fragments in China, India and [], indicating the magnitude of a disastrous meteorite impact that could wipe out almost the entire species on Earth. Yet according to the lecture, the fact that the fragments were only found in three countries, and not in the rest of the world such as Europe, was actually proof that the meteorite collision was not strong enough to cause such a massive extinction.

The third evidence is a large crater found off the coast of Australia. Its size matches that of a meteorite, indicating that it was an impact site for a meteorite collision. Nevertheless, the lecturer proposes a different theory. He explains that this crater may have been caused by Earth’s internal forces such as volcanic activities.

3閱讀：GM plant 有好處

【1】可以導入抗蟲基因，少用殺蟲劑，有利于保 護環(huán)境

【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲種可以提高農民收入

【3】可以讓大米里含更多維生素 a，防止維 a 缺乏。

聽力部分認為 gm 的好處被夸大了，因為：

【1】這種基因如果擴散到野草里，那野草也該瘋長了，一樣破壞生態(tài)平衡

【2】農民往往用去年的種子播種，用 gm 種子的話就得年年買新種子，多花的錢也許比多賺的還多。

【3】含維生素 a 的蔬菜有的是，含量還比這種 gm 大米高，為什么不建議人們吃蔬菜就得了。

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The reading passage introduces to the readers the benefits of genetically modified crops, while the lecture tries to convince us that these benefits are over exaggerated.

The first benefit is that GM crops are good for the environment because they possess pestresistant genes which can reduce the need to use pesticide. However, the lecturer argues that if these resistance genes spread to wild crops, they will grow out of control which may bring more damage to the environment.

The second benefit is that GM crops can increase farmers’ profits because GM crops can produce good yields even in dry seasons. However, the lecturer points to the fact that farmers of GM crops have to pay a heavy sum of money to GM seed companies, and they have to do it annually. This brings up the cost of growing GM crops significantly.

The third benefit is that GM plant can add important nutrients like vitamin A to the diet of people who lack those nutrients. However, according to the lecture, the nutrients introduced through GM crops are far from enough. The correct and more effective way to deal with nutrient deficiency is to encourage people to eat more vegetables like sweet potatoes.

4.閱讀說 bee 在 200 million years 前就存在了的觀點受到質疑，理由： 1 沒化石。沒花沒食物。化石結構可能不是 bee 的。

speaker 反駁

① 沒有化石是因為那時候沒樹，無法 preserve 化石。

② bee 不是一定要 feed on 花的，也可以是 pine tree 什么的。

③ 通過化學物質可以斷定化石那就是 bee 的。

The reading passage and the lecture present contrasting views regarding the hypothesis that bees existed prior to 200 million years ago.

According to the reading, all fossil records of bees, including the earliest one found in the state of Arizona, date the existence of bees to no more than 200 million years ago. However, the lecturer explains that this is because trees did not exist until about that time, so only after then was it possible for tree resins to preserve a fossilized bee. Clearly, this does not rule out the possibility that bees may have predated the existence of tree (and tree resin) and so have an ancestry longer than 200 million years.

Furthermore, the reading presents a similar argument, saying that flowers and flowering plants did not exist until 200 million years ago, so pollen-dependent bees could not have existed before then. However, the lecturer argues that the earliest bees did not necessarily feed on flowers. They could have fed on non-flowering plants such as pine trees or ferns, and only gradually evolved to depend on flowering plants.

Finally, the reading cautions that the fossil nest might not be that of bees because there is a crucial lack of spiraling structure in the bee chambers that is prevalent in modern bee nests.

However, the lecturer points to the same water-proof substance found in both the fossilized chamber and modern bee chambers, arguing that the makers of the fossil nest were indeed bees.

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5.文章是講的關于Harappan civilization decline 的原因的三個假說。第一個是受到游民族nomadic tribe 入侵。第二個是氣候變化導致農業(yè)垮了，沒有食物。第三個是水源被污造成一種通過水傳播的流行病，所以就搬遷。

聽力反駁：

第一個是當時H 文明的地盤很大large scale 游牧民族雖然打了他幾個地區(qū)但是還不至于導致他decline。

第二個是同時期的埃及文明和另一種文明同樣遭受了氣候變化但是都調整了農業(yè)有了surplus 的food。所以H 也不可能因為氣候變化而decline。第三個是H 人都是出色的工程師，他們創(chuàng)造了先進的水系統(tǒng)可以防止疾病通過水傳播。

The reading passage puts forward three hypotheses to explain the decline of the Harappan civilization. However, the lecturer challenges these hypotheses and uses evidence to prove that all of them are based on flawed speculations.

The first hypothesis is that the decline of Harappan civilization was caused by invasion from a nomadic tribe. However, the lecture argues that the Harappan culture covered a huge expanse of territory, so even if the nomad people invaded Harappan land, such invasion was confined to a small number of Harappan cities only, so it’s unlikely to have led to the total destruction of the Harappan culture.

The second hypothesis is that climate change had led to the collapse of Harappan agriculture.

With no food available, the Harappan people had to abandon their home. Reasonable as it may sound, there are flaws in this argument too, because, as the lecture indicates, the Egyptian civilization, a contemporary of the Harappan civilization, was able to make adjustment to its agriculture and managed to coped with the same unhospitable climate changes. There is no reason why the Harappan people could not have also adapted successfully to climate change.

The third hypothesis puts the blame on water contamination, suspecting that a water-borne disease had forced the Harappan people to migrate to other locations, leading to the decline of the entire civilization. This theory is not valid according to the lecture. The professor explains that Harappan people were excellent engineers who had created advanced canal systems that should be capable of preventing the transmission of disease through water.

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