【教師解析】2014年10月25日雅思閱讀真題解析

Passage 1 英國北極科考船 題型：判斷7 填空6

　　北極發(fā)現(xiàn)了之前沉沒的一艘船，當(dāng)年的因紐特人發(fā)現(xiàn)了其中的原因。其中的一位教授發(fā)現(xiàn)了其中的一個供水系統(tǒng)有問題，船員有鉛中毒現(xiàn)象。

　　Passage 2 人體左右手 題型：配對題9 填空6

　　Being Left-handed or Right-handed
　　The world is designed for right-handed people. Why does a tenth of thepopulation prefer the left.
　　A. The probabilitythat two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and26percent if both parents are left-handed: The preference, however, could alsostem from an infant's imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence,starting in the1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University ofLeicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness. Rather,during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen thebrain's left hemisphere, which increases the probability that the right handwill be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side ofthe body, and vice versa. Among the minority of people who lack this factor,handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicatesthe theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves oneright-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their geneticmaterial is the same. Genes, therefore, are not solely responsible forhandedness.

　　B. Genetic theory isalso undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queen's Universityin Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultra sound to show that bythe 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumbthey suck. In most cases, the preference continued after birth. At 15 weeks,though, the brain does not yet have control over the body's limbs. Hepperspeculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developingquicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain's development.Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout developmentand infancy is unknown.
Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespreadobservation that children do not settle on either their right or left handuntil they are two or three year sold.

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　　C. But even if thesecorrelations were true, they did not explain what actually causesleft-handedness. Furthermore, specialization on either side of the body iscommon among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toysout from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than theother. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw. Inevolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficientthan having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet for mostanimals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random. Theoverwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. Thatfact directs attention toward the brain’s two hemispheres and perhaps towardlanguage.

　　D. Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836. That year, at amedical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusualcommonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Daxhad encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, theresult of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individualsuffered damage to the left side of the brain. At the conference, Daxelaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsiblefor certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Otherexperts showed little interest in the Frenchman’s ideas. Over time, however,scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speechdifficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to theright hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception orconcentration. Major advancements in understanding the brain’s asymmetry weremade in the 1960s as a result of so -called split-brain surgery, developed tohelp patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpuscallous — the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cutalso stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, whichoffered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side’s activity.

　　E. In 1949neurosurgeon John Wada devised the first test to provide access to the brain’sfunctional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the rightor left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain,enabling him to more closely study the other side’s capabilities. Based on thisapproach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the MontrealNeurological Institute published a major study in 1975 that confirmed thetheory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly 140 years earlier: in 96percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely inthe left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however. Fortwo thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active languageprocessor. But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or bothsides work equally, controlling different language functions. That laststatistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance ofright-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance in language processing.It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged thecontrol of body movement with it. Some experts think one reason the lefthemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing—thelarynx and tongue—are positioned on the body’s symmetry axis. Because thesestructures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms,which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that sharedoperation would result in smooth motor activity. Language and handedness couldhave developed preferentially for very different reasons as well. For example,some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C. Corballis ofthe University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of humanspeech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. Ifthe left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures,too, and because the left brain controls the right side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly.

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　　F. Perhaps we willknow more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differenceshandedness brings to our human talents. Popular wisdom says right-handed,left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking. Left-handed,right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and maybe better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of thebrain. Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Fewerscientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creativepotential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generallyacknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are amongthe lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed betweenhemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mentalcapabilities.

　　G.Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must becleverer to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins duringthe very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptionalachievements.

　　Questions 14-18
　　Reading Passage 2 has seven sections A-G. Which section contains thefollowing information? Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-18 on youranswer sheet.
　　14 Phenomenon of using one side of their body for animals.
　　15 statistics on rate of one-handedness born.
　　16 The age when the preference of using one hand is fixed.
　　17great talents of occupations in left-handed population.
　　18 Earliest record of researching hemisphere’s function.

　　Questions 19-22
　　Look at the following researchers (Questions 19-22) and the list offindings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding. Write thecorrect letter A-G in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
　　A Brenda Milner
　　B Marlan Annett
　　C Peter Hepper
　　D Michale Carballis

　　19. Ancient language evolution is connected to body gesture ad thereforeinfluences handedness.
　　20. A child handedness is not determined by just biological factors
　　21. Language process is generally undergoing in the left-hemisphere of thebrain.
　　22. The rate of development of one side of the body has influence onhemisphere preference in fetus.

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　　Question 23-26
　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in readingPassage 2? In boxes 23-26 n your answer sheet wtire
　　YES if the statement is true
　　NO if the statement is false
　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
　　23. The study of twins shows that genetic determination is not the onlyfactor for left Handedness.
　　24. The number of men with left-handedness is more than that of women.
　　25. Marc Dax’s report was widely recognized in his time.
　　26. John Wada based his findings o his research of people with languageproblems.
　　
　　Passage 3 農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)保用品 完成句子4流程圖填空4選擇（多選2+單選2）6
　　27-32 Completion
　　27. 第一種藥over-the –counter由誰提出proposed by marketing team
　　28. 由誰設(shè)計 engineering group
　　29. 設(shè)計由誰評估 customer prescription-only
　　30. In-home engineering group
　　31. marketing *** rather than customers
　　37-40. multiple choices
　　37. White base and black lettering 會產(chǎn)生什么問題
　　A. Some people believe , in future 讓人們pay more attention to 藥品說明
　　38. Plus point 跟另外一個公司的例子說明什么
　　A 已經(jīng)有一些進(jìn)步
　　B 說明還有很多需要做
　　39. 作者最后一段提到***的用意
　　為了說明這個問題已經(jīng)在改善
 
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