托福口語Task 4 & 6 解題框架筆記

托�？谡ZTask 4

Task 4涉及到一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)概念，聽力中教授用1-2個(gè)例子說明了這個(gè)概念。

答題要點(diǎn)：

① 概念定義，用自己的話說明某個(gè)概念，技巧：看到諸如 “this is known as”, “this is referred to as”, “this is called”, “people call this”, “people refer to this as”等類似表達(dá)的時(shí)候 , 此表達(dá)的前邊一句話 , 很可能便是閱讀中概念的定義句。
　　② 例子
　�、� 說明這個(gè)例子和概念的關(guān)系，這也是很多同學(xué)4題只能拿到Fair的原因，因?yàn)樯倭诉@句話。

請密切注意：

① 概念只需要一句話就可以， 用時(shí)保證在10-15s
　�、� 例子只需要summary便可以，不用引用過多細(xì)節(jié)。適當(dāng)加入小細(xì)節(jié)可以展示獲取信息能力，但是矯枉過正就得不償失了
　　③ 一定要簡單概括這個(gè)例子和概念的關(guān)系
　�、� 如果聽力部分的例子中出現(xiàn)專有名詞（如植物名和動(dòng)物名）, 可以用諸如 a kind of plant和 a kind of bird之類的短語表達(dá) , 不會(huì)說專有名詞不會(huì)造成扣分
　�、� 想要口語高分一定要用自己的話來總結(jié)概念和例子，同時(shí)說出例子和概念的關(guān)系。

以下面這道題為例（TPO13）

閱讀部分：

Perceptual Constancy

How an object affects our senses depends in part on external conditions, and these conditions are always changing. Anobject viewed from one angle presents a different shape to our eyes than when viewed from another angle; similarly, as the distance from which we view anobject changes, the object will appear larger or smaller.

In spite of this,even as conditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognizethat they remain the same. This is what is known as perceptual constancy. If not for perceptual constancy, we might have difficulty recognizing familiar objects if we viewed them in a new and different context.

你會(huì)聽到以下聽力內(nèi)容：

Professor：

Let’stake an everyday example an ordinary round plate like you’d find in akitchen. If you hold the plate directly in front of your face and look at it,what shape do you see? A perfect circle, right?

Supposeyou tilt the plate to a different angle, to a horizontal position,like you’re planning to put food on it, still a perfect circle? No! The circleis now stretched out, flattened into an oval. Do you conclude the platehad actually changed shape? Or that it’s a different object, not the sameplate? Of course not! It looks different, but we perceive it as stillbeing the same.
Here’sa different example. This classroom we’re in. It’s fairly large, right?

Now,from up close, from the front row, I appear to be relatively big, bigger than if you’re in the last row, right? But let’s say you’re sittingin the front row today but tomorrow you’re sitting in the backrow. From back there I’m going to look smaller, but you don’t think I’veactually gotten smaller. You don’t think you’re seeing a different professor, aguy who looks like me except he’s smaller. No matter where you are, upclose or far away, you understand without even thinking about it, thatI’m the same size, the same person.

從 This is what is knownas perceptual constancy.我們知道前面一句話就是Perceptual constancy的定義，even asconditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognize that theyremain the same.

例子中教授舉了兩個(gè)例子：

1) kitchen plate角度不同，一個(gè)circle, 一個(gè) oval。
　　2) 在教室距離不一樣，professor看起來體積不一樣。

最重要的第三步便是來說明這個(gè)例子如何來支持這個(gè)概念的。

1)The first example shows that the shape ofthe plate changes, but because of the concept of perceptual constancy, we don’tthink we have two plates.
　　2) The second example shows that althoughthe professor seems to have different sizes in the two situations, again,because of perceptual constancy, we know he’s the same person.

整理出來的參考答案是：

Perceptualconstancy is the phenomenon that however the external conditions that affectour perception of an object, we still recognize it.

Accordingto the professor, there’re two examples of this. The first one is about angle.When you hold a plate upright to your face, you see a perfect circle.But if a plate is placed horizontally, it stretched out, flattenedinto an oval. Anyway, no matter what shape we see, we always know thatit’s the same plate.

Another example is about distance. We all knowthat if someone is far away from us, they appear smaller. Otherwisethey appear bigger and taller. So if a student sits in the front row, he’ll see a bigger and taller professor. But if he sits in the back,he will see a smaller professor. Bigger or smaller, he still knows thatit’s the same professor. And that’s how perceptual constancy works.

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