雅思口語滿分四大殺手锏——練發(fā)音看美劇

要想在雅思口語考試中獲取高分，必須從考官的角度去看問題，如何才能使考官給考生打出7分、8分甚至接近于滿分的分數呢?考生需要的是雅思口語四大殺手锏，這四個方面就是從雅思評分標準的四個方面出發(fā)來仔細探究如何做到發(fā)音、語法、詞匯和流利程度的完全發(fā)揮。

 發(fā)音殺手锏——像一個英國人或美國人在說話

發(fā)音是考生開始說英語時給人的第一印象，發(fā)音雖然是考官評分標準中的一個方面，但是發(fā)音好的考生會給考官一個非常好的印象，并且使考官感到考生有非常扎實的語言基礎。因為發(fā)音好的考生要么就是學過很長時間的英語，也就是所謂的“沉浸式學習法”，要么就是在國外生活或者工作過，還有一個可能就是很喜歡看美劇!

如果考生的發(fā)音聽上去就像一個美國人或者英國人在說英文，不僅會讓考生的發(fā)音部分評分非常高，同時還會帶動流利程度和連貫性的評分。所以同樣英文水平的兩個考生，發(fā)音好的和發(fā)音不好的差距在1～2分，甚至更大!

“我在雅思口語考試中是講英式英語還是美式英語呢?”

對于這樣的一個問題，我會對大多數考生講，你在考試中說的都是中式英語(Chinglish)，或者我會對一個考生說，你的英文帶中國口音(Chinese Accent)。

很多中國考生想要在發(fā)音上模仿英式或者美式的英語口音，但是大多數人都失敗了。原因是什么呢?

第一個原因是沒有足夠的時間去聽標準的美式或者英式英語。

如果要把一種語言說好或者是把一種英語口音練好，首先是要接受幾百甚至上千小時的聽力特訓。只有達到一定的聽力訓練的量，才能把自己的口音糾正過來，而且還只能是連續(xù)聽同一種口

音的，還不能泛聽，絕對不能把各種口音的英語混起來聽，那樣做的話即使聽幾年口語的發(fā)音也不會有變化。所以要通過聽力提高口語就是要盯著一種口音來聽。比如同學喜歡CNN新聞主播的口音和語調。那就要天天聽這個人的說話，連續(xù)聽幾個月，然后說英語的時候腔調就跟他很像了。如果同學喜歡Nicole Kidman的澳大利亞口音，那就要天天看她主演的電影。三個月到半年以后，再說英文的時候發(fā)音就跟她很像了。

第二個原因是沒有機會說。很多中國考生在考試中發(fā)音很差是因為平時幾乎沒有機會說英文。很多同學會說去English Corner或者English Club練習英文，但是大家忽視了很重要的一點，就是在很多英語角的活動中都是中國人之間在說英文，這樣一來，大家的發(fā)音并沒有變好，只是原本不好的發(fā)音變得熟練了。在這方面，美國的ETS給了大家一個很好的建議：“Join in the Internet Voice Chat.”

網絡聊天室是一個非常好的練習口語的途徑。大家可以用Google搜索相關的在美國或者英國的網絡聊天室，這樣就有很多機會跟在美國和英國的Native Speakers交流，對提高發(fā)音水平來說有很大的幫助。

有同學會問：“要想說話像一個美國人或者英國人我要注意什么呢?有沒有什么竅門呢?”

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在這里我給大家三個小竅門：單詞重讀、句子語調和句子節(jié)奏。

首先來看單詞重讀。對某些要強調的單詞重讀可以提高考生的發(fā)音特點，逐漸向英語為母語的人靠攏。下面來看一個美國人寫的單詞重讀產生語義變化的句子：

When you are speaking English, the words you stress can change the underlying meaning of a sentence. Let’s take a look at the following sentence:

I don’t think he should get the job.

This simple sentence can have many levels of meaning based on the word you stress. Consider the meaning of the following sentences with the stressed word in bold. Read each sentence aloud and give a strong stress to the word in bold:

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在I上面)

Meaning: Somebody else thinks he should get the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在don’t上面)

Meaning: It’s not true that I think he should get the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在think上面)

Meaning: That’s not really what I mean. OR I’m not sure he’ll get the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在he上面)

Meaning: Somebody else should get the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在should上面)

Meaning: In my opinion it’s wrong that he’s going to get the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在get上面)

Meaning: He should have to earn (be worthy of, work hard for) the job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在the上面)

Meaning: He should get another job.

I don’t think he should get the job. (重音在job上面)

Meaning: Maybe he should get something else instead.

As you can see, there are many different ways this sentence can be understood. The important point to remember is that the true meaning of the sentence is also expressed through the stressed word or words. (通過對單詞的強調可以突出句子的具體含義)

大家再來做一個小練習：

I said she might consider a new haircut.

Say the sentence aloud using the stressed word marked in bold. Once you have spoken the sentence a few times, match the sentence version to the meaning below.

1. I said she might consider a new haircut.

2. I said she might consider a new haircut.

3. I said she might consider a new haircut.

4. I said she might consider a new haircut.

5. I said she might consider a new haircut.

6. I said she might consider a new haircut.

7. I said she might consider a new haircut.

Not just a haircut.

It’s a possibility.

It was my idea.

Not something else.

Don’t you understand me?

Not another person.

She should think about it, it’s a good idea.

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大家做完了嗎?對一下答案吧!

然后再讀一遍，看看 有沒有語感。

1. I said she might consider a new haircut.

It was my idea.

2. I said she might consider a new haircut.

Don’t you understand me?

3. I said she might consider a new haircut.

Not another person.

4. I said she might consider a new haircut.

It’s a possibility.

5. I said she might consider a new haircut.

She should think about it. It’s a good idea.

6. I said she might consider a new haircut.

Not just a haircut.

7. I said she might consider a new haircut.

Not something else.

第二個方面就是句子語調。句子語調是口音好壞的非常重要的一個方面。句子語調其實和單詞重音是相結合的。大家來看看美國教授的一段文字：

Say this sentence aloud and count how many seconds it takes.

The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.

Time required? Probably about 5 seconds. Now, try speaking this sentence aloud.

He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn’t have to do any homework in the evening.

Time required? Probably about 5 seconds.

Wait a minute. The first sentence is much shorter than the second sentence!

The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance.

He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn’t have to do any homework in the evening.

You are only partially right!

This simple exercise makes a very important point about how we speak and use English. Namely, English is considered as a stressed language while many other languages are considered syllabic. What does that mean? It means that, in English, we give stress to certain words while other words are quickly spoken (some students say eaten). In other languages, such as French or Italian, each syllable receives equal importance (there is stress, but each syllable has its own length). Many speakers of syllabic languages don’t understand why we quickly speak, or swallow, a number of words in a sentence. In syllabic languages each syllable has equal importance, and therefore equal time is needed. English however, spends more time on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over the other, less important, words.

Let’s look at a simple example: the modal verb “can”. When we use the positive form of “can”, we quickly glide over the “can” and it is hardly pronounced.

They can come on Friday.

On the other hand, when we use the negative form “can’t” we tend to stress the fact that it is the negative form by also stressing “can’t”.

They can’t come on Friday.

As you can see from the above examples, the sentence “They can’t come on Friday” is longer than “They can come on Friday” because both the modal “can’t” and the verb “come” are stressed.

So, what does this mean for our speaking skills?

Well, first of all, you need to understand which words we generally stress and which we do not stress. Basically, stress words are considered CONTENT WORDS such as:

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nouns e.g. kitchen, Peter

(most) principal verbs e.g. visit, construct

adjectives e.g. beautiful, interesting

adverbs e.g. often, carefully

Non-stressed words are considered FUNCTION WORDS such as:

determiners e.g. the, a, some, a few

. auxiliary verbs e.g. don’t, am, can, were

. prepositions e.g. before, next to, opposite

. conjunctions e.g. but, while, as

. pronouns e.g. they, she, us

Let’s return to the beginning example to demonstrate how this affects speech.

The beautiful mountain appeared transfixed in the distance. (14 syllables)

He can come on Sundays as long as he doesn’t have to do any homework in the evening. (22 syllables)

Even though the second sentence is approximately 30% longer than the first, the sentences take the same time to speak. This is because there are 5 stressed words in each sentence. From this example, you can see that you needn’t worry about pronouncing every word clearly to be understood (we native speakers certainly don’t). You should, however, concentrate on pronouncing the stressed words clearly.

Now, do some listening comprehension or go speak to your native English speaking friends and listen to how they concentrate on the stressed words rather than giving importance to each syllable. You will soon find that you can understand and communicate more because you begin to listen for (and use in speaking) stressed words. All those words that you thought you didn’t understand are really not crucial for understanding the sense or making yourself understood. Stressed words are the key to excellent pronunciation and understanding of English.

I hope this short introduction to the importance of stress in English will help you to improve your understanding and speaking skills.

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相信大家都能看懂這段文字，英語為母語的人是如何來說英語的：重讀和輕讀是非常非常重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。英語是一種強調化語言，跟其他語言有很大的差別。因此，雅思口語考生在考場中說英文的時候也要特別注意這一點，有意識地去重讀那些想要強調的詞，弱讀一些介詞和連詞等。要練到像美國人或者英國人那樣說話必須有4～6周的強化訓練，專門去準備一些雅思口語的題目和參考答案來練習重讀和語調。

另外一個特點就是句子節(jié)奏。說英語一定要有節(jié)奏。有考生會問：“我怎么能夠說英語有節(jié)奏呢?有沒有什么教程呢?”答案其實非常簡單，有兩種方法可以使大家說話有節(jié)奏：第一是看美劇Friends或者Prison Break，這種喜劇類和劇情類的美劇中的對話都是非�？鋸埖�，看多了說話就有節(jié)奏了。第二就是多聽R&B或者Hip-Hop的英文歌曲。

那么對于雅思口語考試的發(fā)音，考官是怎么看的呢?下面一段是雅思口語考官對于發(fā)音這部分打分的解釋：

★ Overall, clear and understandable pronunciation is the main thing.

★ Secondly, the correct use of the following features will determine the pronunciation grade:

☆ basic word pronunciation;

☆ linked speech sounds;

☆ correct and appropriate sentence stress (i.e., which word or words in a sentence are stressed more than others);

☆ appropriate use of intonation (rising and falling) to emphasize meaning.

★ Slightly inaccurate (= unclear) pronunciation is usually understandable if the correct

words and grammar are used but slightly inaccurate pronunciation combined with other errors can result in language that is not understandable at all.

★ American pronunciation is acceptable.

優(yōu)秀的發(fā)音是雅思口語考試高分的關鍵，但是光靠發(fā)音是不夠的，還需要注重其他幾個方面。

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