托福閱讀背景材料：歐洲報(bào)紙發(fā)展

托福閱讀真題中有一道題是關(guān)于歐洲報(bào)紙的發(fā)展，針對(duì)這道題，小編為大家梳理一下歐洲報(bào)紙發(fā)展的背景知識(shí)，這樣有助于考生在面對(duì)這類題目時(shí)方便作答。

托福閱讀真題再現(xiàn)：

版本一：

第三個(gè) 關(guān)于歐洲報(bào)業(yè)發(fā)展的原因 報(bào)紙開(kāi)始于荷蘭 然后第二段的意思：由于荷蘭征服管的比較松 所以荷蘭報(bào)業(yè)就NB了 法國(guó)開(kāi)始有了政府贊助的報(bào)紙 雖然對(duì)加速了報(bào)業(yè)的發(fā)展 但是有的報(bào)紙都是政府的觀點(diǎn)(這里有一道題) 往下提到了促進(jìn)報(bào)紙發(fā)展的幾個(gè)因素 我還記得一個(gè)：就是商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展接著 商人們需要報(bào)紙上的信息 當(dāng)時(shí)文章中提到了一堆地名LONDON LIVERPOOL啥的 大概意思就是對(duì)商人做生意有好處 在往下 提到了報(bào)紙的主要市場(chǎng)在英國(guó) 英國(guó)的國(guó)會(huì)中很多人喜歡報(bào)紙 因?yàn)榭梢岳�用�?bào)紙的社會(huì)輿論使得政治上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手compromise(原詞 而且有題) 再往下是郵政系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展讓報(bào)紙NB了 接著 說(shuō)城里城外很多郵筒(好像是啊)然后各種CAFE什么的就都有了 然后跟著給了一個(gè)法國(guó)的什么報(bào)紙貌似是例子 這個(gè)例子除了一個(gè)提 最后說(shuō)報(bào)紙變得大眾化了 說(shuō)報(bào)紙有什么影響 有一個(gè)是加強(qiáng)community之間的交流 這里除了一個(gè)非真實(shí)信息題 EXCEPT 最后說(shuō)一句 這個(gè)文章有7段 這篇我就記得這么多了

版本二：

講歐洲報(bào)紙的發(fā)展

第一段background information說(shuō)報(bào)紙是很有用的傳遞信息的工具啊什么的。

第二段講最早的報(bào)紙是英國(guó)的xxx報(bào)紙，同時(shí)還有一個(gè)公司成立。這倆的關(guān)系記不太清了。

第三段講政府開(kāi)始干涉報(bào)紙的發(fā)展了。首先必須有政府的批準(zhǔn)(license)，是為了control who publish the news。然后政府開(kāi)始資助一些公司，報(bào)紙上會(huì)有一些關(guān)于政府的事件，類似于決策之類的吧。這些上發(fā)生的大事(應(yīng)該是怕影響到他們的交易)。隨著報(bào)紙的發(fā)展，能把報(bào)紙運(yùn)到各種偏遠(yuǎn)的地方。

第五段講報(bào)紙更加大眾化。針對(duì)的人群頁(yè)變成了老百姓們。報(bào)紙上會(huì)報(bào)道各種strange event，百姓能更好的接受。其次也能讓百姓覺(jué)得自己是社會(huì)的一部分。最后，報(bào)紙上有了可以讓百姓自己寫(xiě)評(píng)論的地方。

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解析：

本文是歷史性題材，涉及到歐洲報(bào)紙發(fā)展的原因，之前的考試中有涉及到美國(guó)報(bào)業(yè)的發(fā)展，差別不大。本文是同學(xué)們讀起來(lái)不太陌生的背景知識(shí)，在閱讀過(guò)程中同學(xué)們需要重點(diǎn)看出來(lái)發(fā)展的原因是什么，以及發(fā)揮了什么作用，最后一題重點(diǎn)根據(jù)發(fā)展的原因來(lái)分角度選擇答案。

參考閱讀

The term newspaper became common in the 17th century. However, in Germany, publications that we would today consider to be newspaper publications, were appearing as early as the 16th century. They were discernibly newspapers for the following reasons: they were printed, dated, appeared at regular and frequent publication intervals, and included a variety of news items (unlike single item news mentioned above). The first newspaper however was said to be the Strasbourg Relation, in the early 17th century. German newspapers, like avisis, were organized by the location from which they came, and by date. They differed from avisis in the following manners: they employed a distinct and highly illustrated title page, and they applied an overall date to each issue.

The emergence of the new media branch in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives it name.

During the 17th century, there were many kinds of publications, that told both news and rumours. Among these were pamphlets, posters, ballads etc. Even when the news periodicals emerged, many of these co-existed with them. A news periodical differs from these mainly because of its periodicity. The definition for 17th century newsbooks and newspapers is that they are published at least once a week. Johann Carolus' Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in Strassburg in 1605, is usually regarded as the first news periodical.

In the beginning of the 17th century, the right to print was strictly controlled in England. This was probably the reason why the first newspaper in English language was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler around 1620. This followed the style established by Veseler's earlier Dutch paper Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. However, when the English started printing their own papers in London, they reverted to the pamphlet format used by contemporary books. The publication of these newsbooks was suspended between 1632 and 1638 by order of The Star Chamber. After they resumed publication, the era of these newsbooks lasted until the publication of the Oxford Gazette in 1665.

The control over printing relaxed greatly after the abolition of the Star Chamber in 1641. The Civil War escalated the demand for news. News pamphlets or books reported the war, often supporting one side or the other. Following the Restoration there arose a number of publications, including the London Gazette (first published on 16 November 1665 as the Oxford Gazette),[2] the first official journal of record and the newspaper of the Crown. Publication was controlled under the Licensing Act of 1662, but the Act's lapses from 1679–1685 and from 1695 onwards encouraged a number of new titles.

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