2014年8月30日托福聽力真題及解析

Conversation 1

學(xué)生想要和一個在 hotel 做 Part timejob 的學(xué)生共同完成老師布置的項目，是一個環(huán)保項目，原則上是要個人完成的，所以她來征求老師同意。老師說這個項目很有意義，同意了。但是可能 hotel 不同意，學(xué)生說她們已經(jīng)拿到了一個推薦信，還有一個 fund 可以資助這個項目。后面聽得比較亂，待補充。

原文：

Student: Hi professor, I am doing an eco-friendly project now. I kind of wanna hear your advice on it.

Professor: Sure. What is your project?

Student: You know, now I am working with my friends. Our goal is to improve hotel’s recycle system. My friend is working in one of the hotel of the city so I kind of want the project to carry out in his hotel.

Professor: That sounds a great idea. How is it going now?

Student: We are still preparing for it. I wonder what do you think to put the project in my friend’s hotel will be a great idea? May be the statistic data sample will be too small.

Professor: Is the hotel your friend working in has a great capacity of rooms?

Student: Yes, at least 500 rooms.

Professor: Then it is quite enough for the beginning research. Did your friends talked with the hotel manger about the project you are working with?

Student: Yes he had persuaded the manager to assistant us.

Professor: That is great. My advice is you might develop your project by having a further conversation with your friends’ manager.

Student: Yes, we think we can help this hotel to save some energy by using eco-friendly material.

Professor: Correct. You can even cooperate with each other in the future. Let’s put it in a long-term plan.

Student: OK.

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Lecture 1 Art History

講英國的巨石陣。主要在討論巨石的成分和起源。其中有兩種假說： 1 ．人搬的 2 . 冰川運動把石頭帶下來。最新的研究可以定位石頭是同一個 Spot 。盡管不確定是怎么搬運的。還說這種石頭有療傷功能。

解析：社會科學(xué)類講座，巨石陣是老話題了，內(nèi)容也是集中可能的解釋原因，傳統(tǒng)套路。

原文

Several studies suggest that an increase in adult neurogenesis has beneficial effects on emotional behavior and cognitive performance including learning and memory. The observation that aging has a negative effect on the proliferation of neural stem cells has prompted several laboratories to investigate new systems to artificially increase neurogenesis in senescent animals as a means to compensate for age-related cognitive decline.

In this review we will discuss the systemic, cellular, and molecular changes induced by aging and affecting the neurogenic niche at the level of neural stem cell proliferation, their fate change, neuronal survival, and subsequent integration in the neuronal circuitry. Particular attention will be given to those manipulations that increase neurogenesis in the aged brain as a potential avenue towards therapy.

Production of new neurons in the adult hippocampus decreases with age; this decline may underlie age-related cognitive impairment. Here we show that continuous depletion of the neural stem cell pool, as a consequence of their division, may contribute to the age-related decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis. Our results indicate that adult hippocampal stem cells, upon exiting their quiescent state, rapidly undergo a series of asymmetric divisions to produce dividing progeny destined to become neurons and subsequently convert into mature astrocytes.

Thus, the decrease in the number of neural stem cells is a division-coupled process and is directly related to their production of new neurons.

We present a scheme of the neurogenesis cascade in the adult hippocampus that includes a proposed "disposable stem cell" model and accounts for the disappearance of hippocampal neural stem cells, the appearance of new astrocytes, and the age-related decline in the production of new neurons.

托�？荚嚦煽兲岵桓�？來新通，名師一對一講課幫助學(xué)習(xí)！

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Lecture 2 auroras

講極光研究的歷史。極光以前被認(rèn)為是電或者南極的冰反射陽光導(dǎo)致的。后來人們用一種望遠(yuǎn)鏡，前面有一層幕布，方便人們觀察日冕。發(fā)現(xiàn)是太陽黑子和 solar wind 的運動影響，因為兩者會 emit chargeable particles ，與地球大氣層的氧原子和氮原子作用。最后還提到人類通過電子設(shè)備來發(fā)現(xiàn)極光的intensity與其關(guān)系。太陽黑子周期還會影響通訊水平。比如加拿大的事故。

解析

自然科學(xué)類講座，極光發(fā)現(xiàn)的歷史，而且極光形成的因素太陽風(fēng)和太陽黑子在很多科普文章中都有，下 p021LI 中也有涉及，理科學(xué)生難度不大，內(nèi)容不算生僻，難點是細(xì)節(jié)概念可能比較多。

原文

The word museum has classical origins. In its Greek form, mouseion, it meant “seat of the Muses” and designated a philosophical institution or a place of contemplation. Use of the Latin derivation appears to have been restricted in Roman times mainly to places of philosophical discussion. Thus the great Museum at Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy I Soter early in the 3rd century bc, with its college of scholars and its library, was more a prototype university than an institution to preserve and interpret material aspects of the heritage. The word museum was revived in 15th-century Europe to describe the collection of Lorenzo de’ Medici in Florence, but the term conveyed the concept of comprehensiveness rather than denoting a building. By the 17th century museum was being used in Europe to describe collections of curiosities. Ole Worm’s collection in Copenhagen was so called, and in England visitors to collection in Lambeth called the array there a museum; the catalog of this collection, published in 1656, was titled Musaeum Tradescantianum. In 1675 the collection, having become the property of Elias Ashmole, was transferred to the University of Oxford. Although there is some ambivalence in the use of museum in the legislation, drafted in 1753, founding the British Museum, nevertheless the idea of an institution called a museum and established to preserve and display a collection to the public was well established in the 18th century.

Use of the word museum during the 19th and most of the 20th century denoted a building housing cultural material to which the public had access. Later, as museums continued to respond to the societies that created them, the emphasis on the building itself became less dominant. Open-air museums, comprising a series of buildings preserved as objects.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月30日 托福聽力 真題 解析 托�？荚�  托福機(jī)經(jīng)

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Conversation 2

老師找學(xué)生想問問她為什么 art history 這門課表現(xiàn)不好，但學(xué)生說是因為她退出了這門課。她得到了另一門課程教授的同意可以免修art history 。最后老師建議她退掉這門課，同時去向art history 教授道歉。

原文

Advisor: Hi Tom, I want to talk to your about your Islam art history class. Do you know that you forget to drop your former class in order to enroll in this one?

Student: Oh I forgot! Sorry, I am so excited about enrolled in to Islam art history class from wait list. I will fix it now.

Advisor: Yes you better do it soon. There are still some students they are in the wait list. And you missed one appointment with your professor.

Student: I am terribly sorry about that.

Advisor: Try to talk to your professor as soon as possible. I believe he will be glad to help you catch up with the class.

Student: I believe so. I will log in the webadvisor to see my appointment schedule. There are will be some reading materials on it right?

Advisor: I bet there are some. When you have your next class, you might wanna finish the reading first.

Student: I get it. I am terribly sorry for missing the appointment again.

Advisor: It will be fine. As long as you contact your professor.

Student: Thank you.

Lecture 3 Public Museum

盧浮宮這樣的公開美術(shù)館，分類方法來源于某藝術(shù)革命時期某人的做法，一個法國人，他推動了 public museum 的貢獻(xiàn)。一開始 museum 是 only for private and artists ，其中一個原因是因為 teaching ，普通人只能特定時候進(jìn)去。French revolution之后某人運用 storehouse 存放一些文物并發(fā)展一種系統(tǒng)給物品分類：按年代劃分。這種系統(tǒng)后來通用了。最后還說到了有人反對這樣的公共藝術(shù)館，但是這樣的藝術(shù)館很好可以讓人們看到很多地方。

解析

藝術(shù)類講座，藝術(shù)史改革內(nèi)容，這是經(jīng)典的藝術(shù)類講座內(nèi)容，學(xué)生 TPO 如果聯(lián)系熟練的話上手會比較容易。

原文

Lasers are shown to be very sensitive probes of the Earth magnetic field. The rate of rotation of the polarization is shown to exhibit an Adler-type evolution with the azimuth of the laser propagation axis, with a locking region depending on the controlled loss-anisotropies introduced in the cavity. The evolution of this rotation rate with the excitation and the detuning is also investigated. It is also shown that the sensitivity of the laser to the Earth magnetic field increases when extra losses are introduced in the cavity, leading to a sensitivity of a few hundredths of Gauss. In every case, a good agreement is observed between experiments and theory.

Whether peering towards the center of the Earth or searching for Jupiter's "warm dense matter," our understanding of a planet's core remains largely theoretical. Europe's newest new laser array, however, can recreate those same intense conditions here on the surface—using diamond anvils and X-ray beams. The center of the Earth is thought to be a solid Iron-Nickel alloy compressed at 3,600,000 atmospheres and heated to over 5000 degrees Celsius—equal to that of the surface of the Sun. And, given that, humanity has had such difficulty even breaking through our relatively soft and thin crust, the prospects of our ever actually boring 2500 kilometers to center of the planet is iffy at best—and our odds are even worse for finding the warm gooey center of Jupiter. So how do we study the state of matter and their interactions with each other under these conditions? Very quickly and with the newly-upgraded laser at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France.

Lecture4 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)

舊理論神經(jīng)細(xì)胞不會隨年齡上升而上升。例子一反駁。鳥成年后會唱新的歌。二：給老鼠注射一種物質(zhì)后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞變多。和運動后效果類似。學(xué)生提出看書也能刺激腦細(xì)胞發(fā)展，老師同意。最后是壓力水平和激素的關(guān)系。

解析

自然科學(xué)類講座，假說反駁類型文章，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)這個話題可能相對比較少見，但是文章內(nèi)容深度不大，都是正常能夠理解的內(nèi)容，例子鳥唱歌，老鼠實驗等都不算冷門。

原文

Parch marks in the grass, in an area that had not been watered, have revealed places where two "missing" huge sarsen stones may once have stood.

The marks were spotted by an English Heritage steward who alerted archaeologists to their existence.Previous scientific techniques such as geophysics failed to find any evidence is a prehistoric, mysterious circle of upright stones in southern England. Construction on the great monument began 5,000 years ago; the famous stones that still stand today were put in place about 4,000 years ago.

The great age, massive scale and mysterious purpose of Stonehenge draw over 800,000 visitors per year, and several thousand gather on the summer solstice to watch the sunrise at this ancient and mystical site.

The stones are aligned almost perfectly with the sunrise on the summer solstice, and it is almost unquestioned that Stonehenge was built as a spectacular place of worship.

Although the faith of the Stonehenge builders predates any known religion, the site has become a place of pilgrimage and worship for Neopagans who identify themselves with the Druids or other forms of Celtic paganism. It is also popular with New Age devotees, who report powerful energies at the site.

A visit to Stonehenge begins across the highway from the monument, at the large and efficiently-run Visitor's Centre. There is a fee for parking as well as for admission, which includes an optional audio guide. A pedestrian passageway leads under the highway to Stonehenge itself, where a designated path allows for views from all sides. For conservation reasons, visitors are no longer allowed to approach the stones except on the summer solstice, but access can be arranged by appointment or on a tour.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月30日 托福聽力 真題 解析 托�？荚�  托福機(jī)經(jīng)

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