2014年8月23日托福閱讀真題回憶及解析

A卷：

第一篇：Personality traits 人格特征

題材解讀：

心理學(xué)題材相對(duì)于歷史，生物等常見(jiàn)題材來(lái)說(shuō)，出現(xiàn)的頻率稍低。因而，適度了解一些心理學(xué)常識(shí)則能幫助同學(xué)們克服生詞恐懼感。本篇講的人格特征便屬此例。了解相應(yīng)知識(shí)，還能快速切入主題，是同學(xué)們?cè)谔岣唛喿x能力之余需要積累的。

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第二篇：埃及變遷

題材解讀：

古文明是被最多的反復(fù)考察的題材之一，往往還與農(nóng)業(yè)，考古，甚至政治有所交集。但由于歷史類(lèi)文章切入點(diǎn)不同會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的行文方式，因此可能與考生預(yù)期不同。所以對(duì)于這類(lèi)背景，應(yīng)該去了解但不能過(guò)于依賴。

2013.2,2NA 埃及尼羅河文明 ― 疑似重復(fù) 2013.5.26ML

第一個(gè)：關(guān)于埃及的尼羅河文明，提到公元前 5000 ~3000 年前，北非地區(qū)一片綠洲，后來(lái)氣侯突然變化了（有考點(diǎn)），導(dǎo)致僅剩尼羅河流域的土地肥沃，有綠色植被，適于居住，所以人們都聚集到這個(gè)地區(qū)，形成古埃及文明。然后說(shuō)為了造金字塔，需要強(qiáng)有加勺社會(huì)統(tǒng)治結(jié)構(gòu)，所以“嫡長(zhǎng)子繼承制” ( Primogeniture 有考點(diǎn)）被法老們（ Pharaoh ）建立起來(lái)。此外尼羅河上游（在南面）的阿斯旺水壩地區(qū)（有地圖有考點(diǎn)）有用于建造金字塔的石料等東西，需要通過(guò)各種季風(fēng)（春夏和秋冬不同，有考點(diǎn)）將運(yùn)輸船吹到下游（注意尼羅河的下游是在北面工還有就是因?yàn)槟崃_河流域周邊都被撒哈拉沙漠包圍，后來(lái)即使被什么其他文明入侵征服，但是文明一直都沒(méi)有斷掉，社會(huì)穩(wěn)定（有考點(diǎn)）。

考試題型全面覆蓋，學(xué)術(shù)詞匯分類(lèi)強(qiáng)化，突破托�？荚嚕�   　 

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第三篇：Electricity在美國(guó)的發(fā)展

背景解讀：

通常單場(chǎng)考試會(huì)有文理題材上的差異，但本場(chǎng)考試三篇文章全是人文歷史類(lèi)。理工科的同學(xué)可能在解答時(shí)會(huì)相對(duì)吃力。因此，要對(duì)于時(shí)間順序等邏輯性不清晰的文章進(jìn)行大量練習(xí)。

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  B卷：

第一篇：

shaker basket講一個(gè)地方的人做東西不注重decoration，而是注重用途，因?yàn)樗麄兣c外界isolated，所以和外界不一樣。那個(gè)地方的人尤其籃子做的特別好，基本都是在做籃子的市場(chǎng)一起做，有很多種用途。有的可防止潮濕，有的加了個(gè)東西還能在冰上用，減小stress。后來(lái)籃子也被improve了，因?yàn)橛懈鞯貐^(qū)交流。

相關(guān)背景：

About Shaker Baskets and Basketry：What is a SHAKER basket?

The Shakers learned basketry partly from the Algonquin Indians who were also trading partners. Although both men and women were involved, because basketry didn’t require male support to keep it going, it thrived longer than the other industries when males failed to join the order in sufficient numbers. The Shakers took the simple basket and elevated it to an art form which in turn generated a large dollar income for the community.

The raw materials existed on their own properties and the Shakers owned land in the Adirondacks which continued to provide ash after the local supply dwindled. The bark of the black ash (Fraxinus Nigra) was pulled off with a bark spud, a stout curved blade and wooden handle. The sharpened blade, which reflects the shape of the log, helped peel the bark off. The bark was used to produce tannin for the tanning industry, which was operated by the Shakers into the second half of the 19th century. The Shakers always attempted to dovetail industries and make wide use of interrelated technologies.

After removing the bark, the splints were prepared. Native Algonquins prepared splints by hand using a wooden club to pound the annual growth rings off. Once the Shakers harnessed running water to supply power, they built a triphammer to beat the logs and loosen ash strips. This hammer was also used by the blacksmith to pound out metal and to break flax. A simple machine - a device pulled up a weighted head to a specified height than a release mechanism dropped this weight or hammer on the log. It was a great labour saving device that efficiently produced large quantities of splints.

Perhaps the most important element in Shaker basketry was the use of wooden moulds or forms of almost unlimited varieties. This allowed the Shakers to produce baskets in commercial quantities. The Sisters produced most of the baskets, while the Brothers provided support in the preparation of the raw materials, the manufacture of the basket handles and other woodworking processes, thus guaranteeing efficient production and high output. The wooden mould, of which there were dozens attest to the variety of styles and heights of baskets produced. A simple change in handle style and a new basket was born.

Sales indicated to the Shakers, consumer preference for the smaller “fancy” baskets. They responded to the need and decided to let the worldly producers make the bigger and plainer items. The smaller fancy baskets didn’t deplete their ash supplies as rapidly and the hexagonal T’cheese basketsT’ or “curd baskets” took small amounts of splint. All of these smaller baskets requird less masculine labour support and given the fact the male population was shrinking, this became an important factor in their choice of manufacture.

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 第二篇：

版本一：

恐龍有兩種hatch的方式，一個(gè)是在nest里下蛋，總之不好確定，因?yàn)閒ossil。。后來(lái)兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)，都證明了是在nest里。又討論了可以和其他動(dòng)物對(duì)比，和bird，發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)祖先，所以發(fā)展特征也差不多。

版本二：

有一篇講恐龍的兩種保護(hù)寶寶行為。一種是生前行為如筑巢，另一種是生后的如喂養(yǎng)。M恐龍巢里有小寶寶，故推斷有第一種，但后面一種就不好說(shuō)了，后一種m的巢距離一定，所以可能孵蛋，小龍牙上有痕跡可能喂養(yǎng)。

相關(guān)背景：

Reproductive biology

Three eggs, bluish with black speckling, sit atop a layer of white mollusk shells pieces, surrounded by sandy ground and small bits of bluish stone.

Nest of a plover (Charadrius).

All dinosaurs lay amniotic eggs with hard shells made mostly of calcium carbonate. Eggs are usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some species of modern bird have no nests; the cliff-nesting Common Guillemot lays its eggs on bare rock, and male Emperor Penguins keep eggs between their body and feet. Primitive birds and many non-avialan dinosaurs often lay eggs in communal nests, with males primarily incubating the eggs. While modern birds have only one functional oviduct and lay one egg at a time, more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts, like crocodiles. Some non-avialan dinosaurs, such as Troodon, exhibited iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying brooding until all eggs were laid.

When laying eggs, females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the marrow of their limbs. This medullary bone, which is rich in calcium, is used to make eggshells. A discovery of features in a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur Allosaurus and the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus diverged from the line that led to Tenontosaurus very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of med ullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs.

Fossilized egg of the oviraptorid Citipati, American Museum of Natural History

Another widespread trait among modern birds is parental care for young after hatching. Jack Homer’s 1978 discovery of a Maiasaura (“good mother lizard”) nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among ornithopods, suggesting this behavior might also have been common to all dinosaurs. There is evidence that other non-theropod dinosaurs, like Patagonian titanosaurian sauropods (1997 discovery), also nested in large groups. A specimen of the Mongolian oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993, which indicates that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. Parental care being a trait common to all dinosaurs is supported by other finds. For example, a dinosaur embryo (pertaining to the prosauropod Massospondylus) was found without teeth, indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaurs. Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the Isle of Skye in northwestern Scotland. Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs, and it appears likely that all dinosaurs cared for their young to some extent either before or shortly after hatching.

Physiology

Main article: Physiology of dinosaurs

Comparison between the air sacs of an abelisaur and a bird

Because both modern crocodilians and birds have four-chambered hearts (albeit modified in crocodilians), it is likely that this is a trait shared by all archosaurs, including all dinosaurs. While all modern birds have high metabolisms and are T’warm blooded” (endothermic), a vigorous debate has been ongoing since the 1960s regarding how far back in the dinosaur lineage this trait extends. Scientists disagree as to whether non-avian dinosaurs were endothermic, ectothermic, or some combination of both.

After non-avian dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic. This supposed “cold-blooded ness” was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature. The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic and sluggish remained a prevalent view until Robert T. “Bob” Bakker, an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968.

Modern evidence indicates that even non-avian dinosaurs and birds thrived in cooler temperate climates, and that at least some early species must have regulated their body temperature by internal biological means (aided by the animals’ bulk in large species and feathers or other body coverings in smaller species). Evidence of endothermy in Mesozoic dinosaurs includes the discovery of polar dinosaurs in Australia and Antarctica as well as analysis of blood-vessel structures within fossil bones that are typical of endotherms. Scientific debate continues regarding the specific ways in which dinosaur temperature regulation evolved.

In the saurischian dinosaurs, higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system, characterized by an extensive system of air sacs that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton, making them hollow. Early avian-style respiratory systems with air sacs may have been capable of sustaining higher activity levels than mammals of similar size and build could sustain. In addition to providing a very efficient supply of oxygen, the rapid airflow would have been an effective cooling mechanism, which is essential for animals that are active but too large to get rid of all the excess heat through their skin.

Like other reptiles, dinosaurs are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia via the ureters into the intestine. In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, at least some modern birds (such as hummingbirds) can be facultatively ammonotelic, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. They also excrete creatine, rather than creatinine like mammals. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the cloaca. In addition, many species regurgitate pellets, and fossil pellets that may have come from dinosaurs are known from as long ago as the Cretaceous period.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月23日 托福閱讀 真題 解析 托�？荚� 托福機(jī)經(jīng)

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