8月16日托福考試閱讀真題回憶及解析

機經(jīng)詞匯：

configuration n ．配置；結(jié)構(gòu)

sustain v ．維持

stationary a ．定居的；固定的

considerable a ．可觀的；相當(dāng)多（大）的

notably ady ．顯著地；尤其

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第一篇： Thermoregulation of Marineo Organism 海洋生物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)

版本1：

文章主旨是關(guān)于海洋生物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)。

第一段說海洋生物分為兩種： H 和 P 。

第二段說 H 。這種海洋海洋生物的體溫會比周圍環(huán)境里的海水高，可以讓他們的身體運作得比較好。

第三段說 P 。大部分的海洋生物是屬于 P 。但是有的生物既不是 H 也不是 P ，比如有兩種吞拿魚（ tunas ，又名金槍魚），可以通過快速游動來保持合適的體溫。

第四段說動物在冷的環(huán)境下會喪失熱量，講了三種喪失熱量的方式，最主要的方式是通過皮膚。

第五段說海洋動物如何在低水溫里防止體溫與熱量的喪失。出了一個段間關(guān)系的題目，答案就是這一段是 solulionto 上一段的熱量的喪失。講了一個海鳥的例子，是跟海鳥的皮毛（ furs and feathers ）有關(guān)的。還講了一個鯨魚脂肪的例子。但光是上面這些也不能防止體溫喪失。所以的海洋動物就會通過加快其心率來達(dá)到這一目的。這里拿了相同大小的海洋動物和陸地動物作比較，目的是為了支持上面這個觀點，這里就出了題目考這個。

第六段說海洋動物有腸皿 bs ，這些 1 加 b 是一個缺點因為會讓它們喪失更多熱量。然后講了它的體內(nèi)如何通過一系列復(fù)雜的生理機制（包括血紅細(xì)胞）來克服這些缺點。版本 2 ：大多數(shù)與的體溫與水的溫度差不多，但是有一些魚是特例。有的魚的體溫比水溫高，有的魚的體溫比體溫低，然后都分別解釋了為什么這樣的機制 ( mechanism ）。還說了各自如何使自己的體溫調(diào)節(jié)到與水溫一致，就是低溫動物如何吸熱，高溫動物如何散熱。還講了 sea otter （海獺）的例子，說它有l(wèi)imbs。limbs的血的溫度比較低，而核心（ core ）附近的血的溫度比較高，然后冷熱血管交匯以后體溫就平衡了，還有一些魚都是這樣使得體溫均衡的，這里有出題點。

解析：本文屬于海洋生物學(xué)的文章。從段落結(jié)構(gòu)看，段落結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，主題明確，閱讀文章的難度中等。動物類的文章對事實的描述簡單而直接，不會出現(xiàn)像社會科學(xué)類文章那樣，因為背景知識的生疏而嚴(yán)重影響對于文章理解的情況。但考生們必須提前對相關(guān)類型的 TPO 文章的背景知識與生詞熟悉，尤其是各種海洋生物的名稱、其各種身體器官以及與體征相關(guān)的描述都要熟悉，盡量減少在閱讀過程中生詞而導(dǎo)致的速度的緩慢。 TPO 中相關(guān)類型的推薦文章包括：Swimming Machines（OG），The Origins of cetaceans（OG）與A Warm-Blooded Turtle（TPO15）.

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相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)：

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internalthermoregulation. The internalthermoregulation process is one aspect othomeostasis: a state of dynamic stability in an organism’s internal conditions, maintained far from equilibrium with its environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or physiological ecology). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. For humans, this occurs when the body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55 °C (131 °F), and any prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature and up to around 75 °C (167 °F) death is almost inevitable.[citation needed]Humans may also experience lethal hyperthermia when the wet bulb temperature is sustained above 35°C (9s °F) for six hours.[i]The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia.

Whereas an organism that thermoregulates is one that keeps its core body temperature within certain limits, a thermoconformer is subject to changes in body temperature according to changes in the temperature outside of its body at a certain temperature.

It was not until the introduction of thermometers that any exact data on the temperature of animals could be obtained. It was then found that local differences were present, since heat production and heat loss vary considerably in different parts of the body, although the circulat ion of the blood tends to bring about a mean temperature of the internal parts. Hence it is important to identify the parts of the body that most closely reflect the temperature of the internal organs. Also, for such results tobe comparable, the measurements must be conducted under comparable conditions. The rectum has traditionally been considered to reflect most accurately the temperature of internal parts, or in some cases of sex or species, thevagina, uterus or bladder.

Occasionally the temperature of the urine as it leaves the urethra may be of use in measuring body temperature. More often the temperature is taken in the mouth, axilla,ear or groin.

Some animals undergo one of various forms of dormancy where the thermoregulation process temporarily allows the body temperature to drop, thereby conserving energy. Examples include hibernating bears and torpor in bats.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月16日 托�？荚� 閱讀真題 解析 機經(jīng)

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第二篇：Surviving the Frigid Winter（渡過嚴(yán)冬）

版本一：文章的主旨是一個古代民族如何度過寒冬的。

第一段講俄羅斯某個地方很冷，比其他地方都有更晚晚才有人居住。第一段沒有出題。

第二段講他們生存面臨兩個大問題。第一個問題是無法取暖，當(dāng)時的人只能用皮和毛來保暖，還不能完全學(xué)會使用火。這里有一個出題點，答案是人們還沒法把火當(dāng)成一種 daily use 。

第三段是第二個問題，食物來源的問題，因為太冷所以幾乎沒有合適的食物。提到了有一種植物是他們平常吃的，但是這種植物冬天就冷死了。導(dǎo)致他們不得不去狩獵，但是去狩獵也有風(fēng)險，因為動物會供給人。

然后說在這個地方，生存除了方法上的問題，還需要發(fā)展一些社會關(guān)系。就是 techniques 和 social都要發(fā)展，就是人與人之間的發(fā)展。講一些領(lǐng)袖需要外出捕獵，會有很多很多天不在部落，還有儲存食物的方法。除了部落內(nèi)部，還有部落之間的 social，因為他們需要更廣泛地區(qū)之間的聯(lián)系來更好地獲取獵物的一些相關(guān)的信息，比如棲息地和習(xí)性。

最后一段講不管是 techniques 還是social都沒有特別明確的證據(jù)，都只是歷史學(xué)家的猜測。

版本二：考了一篇古時候人們?nèi)绾伪Ｅ�（那時候火的利用還不成熟）和狩獵的。其中幾段講的是它們生存遇到的 difficulties（困難）的。

版本三：古代的人如何儲存食物。講一個大寫的專有人種的生活習(xí)性， when and where ，如何學(xué)會使用 gears （齒輪），如何學(xué)會狩獵，如何儲存食物與植物。

解析：本文圍繞某個俄羅斯民族如何抵御寒冬的主題展開論證，很顯然是屬于“問題一解決方案（ Problems 一 Solutions) ”結(jié)構(gòu)的文章。做題時需注意記錄各個問題與其解決辦法，這對于結(jié)構(gòu)化閱讀及文章總結(jié)題的解答有很大好處。“問題一解決方案”類文章是托福閱讀常見文章，結(jié)構(gòu)不難理解。需注意各個問題和其解決方案的對應(yīng)關(guān)系，很可能就是最后一題的正確選項。由于條理清晰，最后一題盡量考慮從正面選出，排除為輔。推薦的文章是 TPO14 的文章Maya Water Problems 。

相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)：

Maya Water Problems

To understand the ancient Mayan people who lived in the area that is today southern Mexico and Central America and the ecological difficulties they faced, one must first consider their environment, which we think of as “jungle” or “tropical rainforest.” This view is inaccurate, and the reason proves to be important. Properly speaking, tropical rainforests grow in high-rainfall equatorial areas that remain wet or humid all year round. But the Maya homeland lies more than sixteen hundred kilometers from the equator, at latitudes l7to 22 degrees north, in a habitat termed a “seasonal tropical forest.” That is, while there does tend to be a rainy season from May to October, there is also a dry season from January through April. If one focuses on the wet months, one calls the Maya homeland a “seasonal tropical forest”; if one focuses on the dry months, one could instead describe it as a “seasonal desert .“

From north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfall ranges from i8 to 100 inches (“ to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and supported denser populations. But rainfall in the Maya homeland is unpredictably variable between years; some recent years have had three or four times more rain than other years. As a result, modern farmers attempting to grow corn in the ancient Maya homelands have faced frequent crop failures, especially in the north. The ancient Maya were presumably more experienced and did better, but nevertheless they too must have faced risks of crop failures from droughts and hurricanes. Although southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts caused bigger problems in the wet south than in the dry north. The likely explanation is that an area of underground freshwater underlies the Yucatan Peninsula, but surface elevation increases from north to south, so that as one moves south the land surface lies increasingly higher above the water table. In the northern peninsula the elevation is sufficiently low that the ancient Maya were able to reach the water table at deep sinkholes called cenotes, or at deep caves. In low-elevation north coastal areas without sinkholes, the Maya would have been able to get down to the water table by digging wells up to 75 feet (22 meters) deep. But much of the south lies too high above the watertable for cenotes or wells to reach down to it. Making matters worse, nrnst of the Yucatan Peninsula consists of karst, a porous sponge-like limestone terrain where rain runs straight into the ground and where little or no surface water remains available.

How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season. For example, reservoirs at the Maya city of Tikal held enough waterto meet the drinking water needs of about 10,000 people for a period of i8 months. At the city of Coba the Maya built dikes around a lake in order to raise its level and make their water supply more reliable. But the inhabitants ofTikal and other cities dependent on reservoirs for drinking water would stillhavebeenin deep trouble if i8 months passed without rain in a prolonged drought. A shorter drought in which they exhausted their stored food supplies might already have gotten them in deep trouble, because growing crops required rain rather than reservoirs.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月16日 托�？荚� 閱讀真題 解析 機經(jīng)

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第三篇：Writing Record（文字記錄）

版本一：

文章主旨是文字對于考古的重要性。

第一段說考考古學(xué)家可以通過文字知道一個社會的情況。

第二段說在希臘和羅馬考古學(xué)家從刻在Clay(粘土)的文字上可以知道當(dāng)時當(dāng)?shù)匕l(fā)生的Trade(貿(mào)易)和政府的construction(建筑物)的情況。有一題就是關(guān)于Trade 的信息，答案是從刻出來的字里知道到底是誰跟誰進(jìn)行，貿(mào)易。

然后還說了用這種原始的記錄方法記下的文字不容易保存，很多都由于自然的腐蝕作用(包括被火山灰掩埋)而丟失了，所以發(fā)現(xiàn)的很多文字的形式都存在埃及比較干燥的地方。

然后還說文字也有不好的地方，說文字記錄也會誤導(dǎo)考古學(xué)家。舉了一個例子，在Angela(安哥拉)有一個文字記錄，一開始大家以為記錄的是king(國王)，以后那時候就有國王了，但是后來發(fā)現(xiàn)這個king不是國王的意思，而是別的東西。

版本二：

講考古學(xué)家和語言學(xué)家研究古時候的筆記。有的寫在羊皮卷上的，有的寫在marble(大理石)上面的。然后說這些record的功能，有的體現(xiàn)了一個國家的政府是誰，神是誰，然后從上面可以探索一些history。還有一段講的是不光把record刻在羊皮卷上，還有的會刻在coins上面，比如希臘就會記錄英格蘭政府的變化。

解析：本文講文字記錄及其各種載體對于考古學(xué)以及語言學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)。這類歷史考證類文章的主旨明確，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，每段首句為 topic sentence 的可能性較高。大家在閱讀文章之前可以先跳到最后一題（文章總結(jié)題）的位置看看那句對于文章總結(jié)的句子。對于大家從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)非常有幫助。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容上，都非常接近 TPO4 的文章 Art in Europe。

相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)：

Lascaux Cave Paintings

In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as i6 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied:

some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animalbones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.

One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some mason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanat ion fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.

Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.

A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is Iransferredto them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.

Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.

Shamans: holy people who act as healers and diviners.

關(guān)鍵詞：8月16日 托�？荚� 閱讀真題 解析 機經(jīng)

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