劍橋真題解析雅思閱讀定位詞“三十六變”

雅思閱讀考試的目的是考察考生通過(guò)學(xué)術(shù)話(huà)題文章的閱讀定位所需信息，理解、掌握并獲取知識(shí)的能力，而其中定位詞扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。很多考生抱怨說(shuō)“題目特點(diǎn)和解題技巧都很清楚，定位詞也能找準(zhǔn)，可就是定位不到題目在文章中對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容的位置”。其實(shí)這源于考生還是沒(méi)有真正了解雅思；雅思考試以4、6級(jí)詞匯為基礎(chǔ)，不存在難點(diǎn)，但其狡猾之處就在于它的詞匯會(huì)變形，孫悟空有72變；而雅思定位詞當(dāng)然也會(huì)“36變”�？忌�若沒(méi)有抓住雅思閱讀考試的這一特點(diǎn)，便休想定位到題目在文章中對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容的位置。
　　下面，就將結(jié)合雅思真題來(lái)介紹一下雅思閱讀中定位詞是怎樣“36變”的。

★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第一種也是最常見(jiàn)的一種變身是“同義替換”，這包含同義詞或同義詞組。

劍6，Test4的Q9：Kim Schaefer’s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds。題目中定位詞為moral，在文章中定位，我們會(huì)在文章第三段中定位到“Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgment”，而其中ethical即為moral的同義詞。

劍4，Test3的Q9：Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough support.此判斷題中定位詞實(shí)際上是詞組“set up their own small business ”，在文章中定位，我們會(huì)在文章中“Lessons learned” 的部分中定位到“Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, not for every street child”。此處，文章中“Being an entrepreneur”即為定位詞的同義詞組。

其他的同義詞/詞組變身如:

perceive →sense evolve →develop detect →find

mortal →people unbiased → objective

limb → arm or leg waste→ unwanted material

resemble → look like dwelling → domestic building

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★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第二種變身是“近義替換”，這包含近義詞或近義詞組。

劍7，Test1的Q8：However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the ____ of the seabed。 此題為在原文中選詞填空的摘要題，定位詞為“calculate”和“seabed”， 在文章中我們會(huì)定位到“Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship”。此處“measure”即為“calculate”的近義詞，而“sea”即為“seabed”的上義詞。

其他的近義詞/詞組變身如：

salary → wage statement → comment

be gained from → derive from policy → initiative

valuable → important break down → subdivide

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★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第三種變身是“派生詞”。

劍6，Test3的Q33：Monkeys were less likely to become diabetic。此題為分類(lèi)題，定位詞為“diabetic”，在文章中定位，我們能定位到句子“…and they have more normal blood glucose levels(pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by usually high blood glucose levels)”。題目中定位詞“diabetic”為名詞，意為“糖尿病患者”，而文章中的“diabetes”也為名詞，但意為“糖尿病”，是“diabetic”的派生詞。

劍4，Test4的Q14：archaeology involves creativity as well as careful investigative work。 此題為是非無(wú)判斷題，定位詞為“creativity”和“investigative”，在文章中我們能定位到“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past,…partly the exercise of the creative imagination…it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain”。題目中定位詞“creativity”為名詞，在文章中對(duì)應(yīng)形式“creative”(形容詞)為它的派生詞，;定位詞“investigative”為形容詞，在文章中對(duì)應(yīng)形式“investigate”(動(dòng)詞)為它的派生詞。

其他的派生詞變身如：

recover → recovery evolutionary → evolve

erosion → erode

★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第四種變身是“反義詞的否定形式”。

Sticking Power中的Q15：What makes sticky insects feet special is the fact that they can also detach themselves easily from a surface。

此題屬于人名理論配對(duì)，題目中定位詞為 detach。到文章中去定位，我們會(huì)定位到“’There are lots of ways to make two surfaces stick together, but there are very few which provide precise and reversible attachment’ says Stas Gorb”，句中attachment實(shí)際上為detach的反義詞attach的名詞形式，而reversible表示可逆的，因此reversible attachment即為detach的反義詞(組)的否定形式。

其它的反義詞否定形式變身如：similar → not unusual

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★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第五種變身是“上義詞/詞組”。

劍6，Test3的Q28：Studies show drugs available today can delay the process of growing old。此題為是非無(wú)判斷題，定位詞為“drugs”，在文章中定位，我們能在文章第一段定位到“As researchers on aging noted recently, no treatment on the market today has been proved to slow human aging –the build-up of molecular and cellular damage that increases vulnerability to infirmity as we get older”。文章中“treatment”即為定位詞“drugs”的上義詞。

劍4，Test2的Q8：Young people often reject the established way of life in their community。此題為人名理論配對(duì)題，題目中信息量較大，需要根據(jù)詞組“reject the established way of life in their community”來(lái)定位，到文章中定位，我們會(huì)定位到“When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions”。此處，“the old traditions”即為題目中“the established way of life in their community”的上義詞組。

其它的上義詞/詞組變身如：the newspaper and television → media

★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第六種變身是“下義詞/詞組”。

劍5，Test3的Q27：how AI might have a military impact。此題為段落信息配對(duì)題，定位詞為“military”，在文章中定位，我們會(huì)在E段定位到“HNC claim that their system based on a cluster of 30processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or …”，句中“battlefield”即為“military”的下義詞。

其它的下義詞/詞組變身如：military → weapon / the Second World War

★ 雅思定位詞在文章中出現(xiàn)的第七種變身是“原詞”，即沒(méi)有變身。這種情況多發(fā)生在定位詞是專(zhuān)有名詞、專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)或?qū)嵙x名詞時(shí)。

劍7，Test3的Q28：Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community，此題為是非無(wú)判斷題，定位詞為“Nordic countries”。在文章中定位，我們能夠在第一段定位到“Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded”，句中的“Nordic countries”即為定位詞原詞。

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