托福閱讀考試中的邏輯是如何考察的

托福閱讀考試的邏輯考察

作者：天津新通外語學(xué)校資深托福教師 袁文燁老師  

任何的語言類考試中，閱讀理解的題目都是以文章為主的，托福也不例外。

不過，很多考生把過的精力放在題目上，而忽視了閱讀文章內(nèi)在的邏輯聯(lián)系，這當(dāng)然和官方?jīng)]有詳細(xì)的說明以及同學(xué)們接觸邏輯思維較少有關(guān)系。有些文章內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系值得關(guān)注，因為這些邏輯限制了出題人的思路，同時對解題有莫大幫助。

這里所談到的邏輯，就是文章中詞與詞，句與句，及段與段之間的關(guān)系。這些關(guān)系把文章中的信息有機(jī)的聯(lián)系在一起，而出題人就會根據(jù)這些關(guān)系出題目及設(shè)置選項。如Rhetorical Purpose（修辭目的）這種題型中的舉例論證題，考察的就是文章中的總分關(guān)系�？傮w來講，文章中最主要的兩種關(guān)系分別是：并列和總分。并列就像是左手和右手的關(guān)系，而總分就像身體和雙手的關(guān)系。兩種邏輯有著不同的用法。

首先是并列。當(dāng)文中的若干成分是并列關(guān)系，就會形成相似關(guān)系，不管是從語義還是形式的角度。如：
Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes(written promises to pay a specified amount of money by acertain date) thatcould be sold to third parties. In this way, they provided credit. ■Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed,“0ne can no more trade without bills of exchange than sail without water."■Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long,dangerous journeys. ■AnAmsterdam merchant purchasing soap from amerchant in Marseille could go to anexchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutchcurrency. ■Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.13. Look at thefour squares [■] that indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage.They could also avoid having to identify and assess the value of awidevariety of coins issued in many different places.Where would the sentence best fit?

這是一道插入文本題，最終把黑體的句子插入到文中的第三個空格，理由是：黑體的句子中出現(xiàn)了also，該詞表示并列關(guān)系，也就是當(dāng)把該句子插入在某個位置是合適的，該句話和前面句子是并列關(guān)系，會出現(xiàn)形式上的相似性。該句的They 對應(yīng)了前面的Merchants，avoid 對應(yīng)了no longer（都表示否定的語義），having to 對應(yīng)了前面的had to，有著極大的相似甚至是對稱性。

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其次是總分關(guān)系。作者在構(gòu)建文章時，不同句子的地位是不一樣的。有的句子可以充當(dāng)主題，而有的句子只能充當(dāng)細(xì)節(jié)。文中的細(xì)節(jié)就是用來支持主題的。因此我們可以把“主題-細(xì)節(jié)”關(guān)系看作“總-分”關(guān)系。如文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的舉例論證。如：

Very often such statues were enclosed inrectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front, makingit natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed tobe placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumentalentrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they wouldbe placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly withinthe architectural context.

6. The author mentions “an architectural setting” in the passage in order to

A. suggest that architecture was as important assculpture to Egyptian artists

B.offer a furtherexplanation for the frontal pose of Egyptian statues

C. explain how the display of statues replacedother forms of architectural decoration

D.illustrate thereligious function of Egyptian statues

本題考查的是an architectural setting 在文中的作用。文中在其附近出現(xiàn)了明顯的舉例邏輯詞：for instance，于是就能判斷該信息為例子，那么它的作用就是用來說明前面的觀點(diǎn)。于是本題目的正確答案對應(yīng)的就是例子前面的那句話，即“Very often such statues…”，進(jìn)而得出正確答案為B.

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由于這種邏輯關(guān)系是構(gòu)建文章的必要組成，所以它不僅適合于托�？荚嚕�還適合所有的國外其他考試（如GRE，GMAT，SAT，IELTS 等）以及國內(nèi)的英語考試（如考研英語等）。再把握一些邏輯的基礎(chǔ)上，考生就可以很從容的應(yīng)對一些涉及到邏輯的題目。

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