TPO33-1 The First Civilizations題目解析（3）

Paragraph 5

The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries.With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities.While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances.

Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods.Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.
　　B. Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.
　　C. The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.
　　D. Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.

答案 A
　　解析 句子簡化題： 原句邏輯 while 表示對比轉(zhuǎn)折；句子核心：城市中心的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能以及管理中心的儀式功能。A 選項(xiàng)句子對應(yīng)兩個核心，while 的轉(zhuǎn)折對比關(guān)系正確，因此 A 選項(xiàng)正確。

11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?

A. The decentralization of authority
　　B. An increase in religious activity
　　C. The emergence of service- and production-related jobs
　　D. A decreased reliance on mineral resources

答案 C

解析 推斷題：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. 在這些城市只能給， 新的生活形式的出現(xiàn)滿足了不斷增長的社會服務(wù)和消費(fèi)品的需求�？梢酝茢喑鲇行枨缶陀泄┙o，就會出現(xiàn)與之相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?

A. To protect the inhabitants from invaders
　　B. To mark the urban areas
　　C. To separate the ruling class from the rest of the population
　　D. To represent the prosperity of a city

答案 C

解析 細(xì)節(jié)題：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. 意思是說通過建立高墻來建立嚴(yán)格的等級制度，將統(tǒng)治者和普通老板姓區(qū)分開來，對應(yīng) C 選項(xiàng)。

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13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
　　This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.
　　Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：第四個方框

解析 句子插入題 This was accompanied by increased professional specialization 中的 professional specialization 職業(yè)專門化對應(yīng)第四個方框之后句子中的artisans or merchants, warriors, scholars, or priests。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.   Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.

Answer Choices:

A.Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.

錯。定位第二段: 沒有出現(xiàn) disagree, less successful environments 的相關(guān)概念。

B.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.

正確。對應(yīng)第二段 An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born.因?yàn)橥寥乐泻�有豐富的營養(yǎng), 所以一塊地農(nóng)民可以種很多年, 因此就不用遷移到別的地方, 最后就定居了。

C.Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.

錯。定位第二, 三段。The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. 原句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系, 不是因果關(guān)系。

D.The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.

正確。對應(yīng)第三段的核心主旨: 政府的形成。

E.Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.

正確。對應(yīng)第五段核心意思: 中央集權(quán)導(dǎo)致了社會階層和不同功能城市的形成。

F.Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.

錯。定位第五段: In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere. 意思是說 Indus River Valley 這個地方?jīng)]有華麗的宮殿來代表權(quán)力。雖然 F 選項(xiàng)沒有什么太大的錯誤, 但它屬于段落細(xì)節(jié), 可以參照 E 選項(xiàng)正確的原因。

答案：BDE

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