雅思寫作中如何對觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證

雅思大作文要求在40分鐘內(nèi)完成250字的文章，對于大部分中國考生來說，還是比較困難的，因?yàn)椴还苁窃谥袑W(xué)還是在大學(xué)，他們遇到的英文寫作一般都是120字，大學(xué)英語六級(jí)也只有150字。因此，考生們覺得40分鐘很難高質(zhì)量地完成250字的英文寫作也是在情理之中的。
    很多考生在寫作過程中想到什么就寫什么，更有甚者一句話可能來來回回重復(fù)幾次。造成這個(gè)問題的主要原因是考生們不知該如何展開段落，如何提出觀點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行論證。下面新通雅思培訓(xùn)中心的專家將介紹幾種段落展開的方法。
一、列舉法(details)
    列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中提出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照從主要到次要的方法等進(jìn)行。比如是什么因素導(dǎo)致了交通堵塞，brainstorm后得到以下論據(jù)：
1. over-population
2. too many cars
3. insufficient roads
4. unreasonable design of infrastructure
5. people’s awareness
6. driving offenders
7. police
8. rules and regulations
    要使用列舉的方式，可以將上述論據(jù)進(jìn)行分類，前4點(diǎn)可作為客觀原因，5、6兩條可作為主觀原因，最后兩條可以作為政府的宏觀管理問題。那么這篇文章的主題段落就可以寫成下面的形式：
Topic sentence: There are several factors causing traffic jams.
Explanation 1: The leading contributor is overpopulation, which leads to too many cars available even though more roads have been constructed. The situation will be worse if the infrastructure is not reasonably designed.
Explanation 2: Apart from these objective reasons, part of the blame should be laid on people’s awareness. There are many driving offenders either because they are drunk or they do not think it important to keep to the traffic rules and regulations.
Explanation 3: Besides, the police’s supervision also plays an essential role. If they do not manage well, traffic jams are more likely to occur.
列舉法是一種快速成文的有效途徑。常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞及短語有：for one thing, for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another, still another, first, second, also等。
二、舉例法(example)
    舉例法，是指通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格來說，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。
如：It is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways. For example, when an emergency occurs, such as a traffic accident or a violent crime, mobile phones can help the victims to call the police or an ambulance immediately for help. 本例中，for example引出例子論證“mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.” 而后面的such as則引出emergency的具體形式。For instance與它的用法完全相同，即后面要接句子例證。舉例法中常用的連接詞及短語有：for example / instance, one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。
三、對比對照法：(comparison and contrast)
    通過比較和對比方式來論證，這樣兩個(gè)事物、行為或者觀點(diǎn)的利弊就非常明顯了。
Those who believe in the measure say that students benefit a lot from traveling or working for a year before their formal university education. First, they can more broadly acquaint themselves with the society, deepen their understanding of the outside world, and thus better coordinate their objectives of learning with the needs of the society. In contrast, by immediate entrance to university they cannot steer the direction of their study well and may display a poor combination of the theory with practice. Second, study at high school is really exhausting, especially when to win college admission. So it is necessary to grant these children a relatively long period of relaxation or buffer, say, traveling or working for a year, to loosen the chords of their brain, so that when they go back to school later again, they can become completely refreshed and rejuvenated.
    這篇文章是對上大學(xué)前是否應(yīng)該用一年的時(shí)間來旅游或者工作進(jìn)行論證。此段的主題是學(xué)生在進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)之前花一年時(shí)間進(jìn)行旅游或工作的話，會(huì)讓他們受益匪淺。對比點(diǎn)是：進(jìn)入大學(xué)之前一年進(jìn)行旅游或工作有利于讓學(xué)生廣泛了解社會(huì)，加深他們對外界的理解，因此能讓他們更好地協(xié)調(diào)好學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和社會(huì)需要。相對比之下，直接進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的話，他們不能夠把握學(xué)習(xí)的方向，而且有可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生理論和實(shí)踐相脫節(jié)的情況。通過此番對比，旅游或工作一年對于即將步入大學(xué)的學(xué)生們的好處是顯而易見的，段落的主題句得到了有力的論證。
四、解釋法(explanation)
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用解釋法。如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
    本段中，主題句提出了一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，擴(kuò)展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出了各種解釋。
    以上就是雅思寫作中對觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證的一些方法，相信考生們只要認(rèn)真練習(xí)，一定會(huì)取得理想的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)。

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