雅思閱讀高分必備名詞性從句

雅思閱讀考試主要考查考生們定位所需信息，理解并且掌握的能力。為了能夠準(zhǔn)確定位，很多考生片面強調(diào)了詞匯的重要性，在備考雅思閱讀考試的過程中僅僅關(guān)注了詞匯量的提高，而忽略了語法的掌握和提高。這樣在雅思閱讀考試中，考生們雖然能夠準(zhǔn)確定位，卻由于語法方面的問題，在理解原文對應(yīng)內(nèi)容時出現(xiàn)差錯，本末倒置，主從句判斷錯誤，最終斷章取義，導(dǎo)致題目做錯。
其實了解雅思的人都知道，雅思閱讀考試中有很多長句，而考生如果語法方面有任何一點差錯，或者不擅長于長句短讀（迅速找出一個長句的主句即主謂賓/主系表），都會在雅思閱讀考試中失利。因此考生們在備考的過程中，對于英語中的從句必須要有很好的掌握，而雅思閱讀考試中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的從句之一就是名詞性從句。
    在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (noun clauses)。名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、介詞賓語從句等。下面新通雅思培訓(xùn)專家就給考生們介紹一下這幾個名詞性從句及其在雅思閱讀中的應(yīng)用。
 主語從句

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在復(fù)合句中用作主語的從句稱為主語從句 (subject clause)。引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：
★ That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們的確是親姊妹，她們的臉型很相似。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that）
★ Who should be responsible for the senior citizens has been widely discussed in our community.
誰應(yīng)該對老年人負(fù)責(zé)這個問題在社區(qū)里被廣泛討論。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞who）
★ Where we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.
  在哪兒處置日益增多的垃圾對很多政府而言是件頭痛的事。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞where）
★ Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished.
不論誰污染環(huán)境都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接代詞whoever）
★ Wherever you are is my home—my only home.
你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞wherever）
有時可以用it作為形式主語，將真實主語從句置于句末。如：
1. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.
很可能這種夜間的謀生可以追溯至所有哺乳動物的祖先。
2. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.
在數(shù)學(xué)家和建筑學(xué)家中，左撇子更常見并且左撇子的男性比女性要多，這并不驚奇。
3. It is reported that millions of people die of water-related disease each year.
據(jù)報道每年有成千上百萬人死于和水有關(guān)的疾病。
表語從句
    在復(fù)合句中用作表語的從句稱為表語從句 (predictive clause)。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、從屬連詞等。如：
★ The problem is who they can rely on.
   問題是他們能依賴誰呢。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞who）
★ The question is how they have achieved this.
問題是他們是如何完成的。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞how）
★ He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
   他看起來還和十年前一樣。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞as）
★ Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organized within particular places and occurs for regularized periods of time.
確實作為一個游客是“現(xiàn)代”的定義性特點之一，并且旅游的普遍性觀念是它在某個特定地點組織并且發(fā)生于規(guī)律性的時間段。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that）
賓語從句
    在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句稱為賓語從句 (object clause)。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：
★ Animal right activists claim that animal tests are cruel, inhumane and unnecessary.
   動物權(quán)益保護聲稱動物實驗很殘忍、沒人道和不必要。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是從屬連詞that）
★ I know he has succeeded.
我知道他已經(jīng)成功了。（在非正式文體中關(guān)聯(lián)詞that被省去）
★ It is hard to imagine what effects garbage will exert on our life.
很難想象垃圾將對我們的生活造成什么影響。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問代詞what）
★ I will tell you why I came here.
我會告訴你我為什么來這兒。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是疑問副詞why）
★ I would like to see where you live.
我想去看看你住的地方。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞是縮合連接副詞where）
賓語從句也可以用作介詞的賓語，如：
★ It is the major contributor to why so many young females commit crimes in recent years.
這就是為什么近年來許多年輕婦女犯罪的主要原因。
★ But the origins of what is now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries.
現(xiàn)代建筑學(xué)的起源可以追溯到18世紀(jì)和19世紀(jì)的社會和技術(shù)變化。
有時介詞可以被省去。如：
★ Nobody cares (for) what happened to the wildlife.
沒有人關(guān)心那些野生生物發(fā)生了什么。
★ Be careful (as to) what he is doing.
你要注意他在做什么。
有時候全句可以用it作為形式主語，如：
★ He made it quite clear that he preferred reading to writing.
他很明確地說他更喜歡閱讀而不是寫作。
★ You may rely on it that they will help you.
你可以指望他們會幫助你。

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 同位語從句
    在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句 (appositive clause)。同位語從句的形式和定語從句相似。兩者之前都有先行詞，但是與先行詞的關(guān)系不同：同位語從句與先行詞同位或者等同，定語從句則與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系。同位語從句的先行詞多為news, fact, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用連詞that。如：
★ The assumption that robots will make humans redundant and replaceable is groundless.
認(rèn)為機器人將令人類變得多余和可取代的假設(shè)是站不住腳的。
★  We should not lose sight of the fact that significantly fewer women apply for senior positions in comparison with men.
我們不應(yīng)該忽略這一事實和男性相比更少的女性申請上級職位。
關(guān)聯(lián)詞that在非正式文體中可以被省去。如：
★ He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the London plane.
他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往倫敦的飛機了。（同位語從句he was boarding…省去了關(guān)聯(lián)詞that）
同位語從句偶爾用關(guān)聯(lián)詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：
★  He was tortured by the doubt whether or not he should venture to go south.
他為他是否可以冒險去南方這種疑慮所折磨。
疑問代詞who, which, what和疑問副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。如：
★  The question who should be responsible for this requires consideration.
誰該為此負(fù)責(zé)，這個問題需要考慮。

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★ We should settle the question where we should dispose of the waste immediately.
我們需要馬上解決在哪里處理那些垃圾的問題。
★ It is a question how it has been achieved.
那是一個它如何被實現(xiàn)了的問題。
同位語從句一般緊跟在其先行詞之后，但有時也可以與先行詞分開，置于句末。如：
★ The suggestion came from the public that the new policy should be implemented.
實施新政策的建議是公眾提出來的。
    在雅思閱讀考試的文章中，這些名詞性從句是和其他從句，如狀語從句和定語從句等結(jié)合使用的，下面新通雅思培訓(xùn)專家給考生們介紹一下在雅思閱讀文章中這些名詞性從句的使用。
1. The problem of how health-care resources should e allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way is not a new one.
分析：“how health-care resources should e allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way”為句子中介詞of的賓語。而“so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way”為介詞賓語中so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句。
2. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle.
分析：“that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle”為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，“it now seems”中的it為形式主語；“that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War”為that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞為the national health systems；“that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle”為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，it為形式主語。
3. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.
分析：“as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in”為as引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞為the same time；“that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life”為that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，其先行詞為an awareness of a contrary kind.
4. Although the language of ‘right’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care).
分析：“Although the language of ‘right’ sometimes leads to confusion”為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；“that people have a right to health-care”為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，it為形式主語；“though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care”為though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句；“that there is a formal right to health-care”為that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，其先行詞為the idea。
5. It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.
分析：“that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.”為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，It為其形式主語；“that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse”為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作ensure的賓語。
6. One would assume that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association.
分析：“that the caliber of these institutions would have been carefully examined”為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作assume的賓語；“that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association”為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，it為其形式主語；“that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association”為that引導(dǎo)的表語從句，作be的表語。

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