2014年7月6日托福閱讀真題及答案解析（全文）

keep in check=limitv. 限制、約束

take precedence over=important than比……重要、優(yōu)先于

ultimately=eventuallyadv. 最終地

mechanism=meansn. 機(jī)制、手段

obsolete=out of dateadj. 過時(shí)的

devastate=destroyv. 摧毀、毀滅

alternate=take turns tov. 輪流、依次

secure=getv. 爭(zhēng)取到

suitable=appropriateadj. 合適的

simultaneously=at the same timeadv. 同時(shí)地

unintentionaladj. 非故意的、無意識(shí)的

ambitiousadj. 雄心壯志的、野心勃勃的

maximizev. 最大化

seekv. 尋求

allowv. 允許

simulatev. 模擬、假裝

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第一篇

版本一：美國修建大壩，對(duì)環(huán)境影響啊什么的，還有就是為什么去重建啊，有些環(huán)保人士反對(duì)大壩因?yàn)轸~啊環(huán)境啊 blabla

版本二：關(guān)于 removing 一些大壩的好處和壞處解析：本文來自 ZO12Oll3NA 和 2O121102ML 閱讀，為因果型文章，涉及移除大壩（ dam removal ）的好處和壞處，具體關(guān)注對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境、物種多樣性和經(jīng)濟(jì)的多方面影響，難度不大，在閱讀時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注大壩移除具體的影響即可。

參考閱讀：

Dam removal is the process of removing out-dated, dangerous, or ecologically damaging dams from river s’vstems. There are thousands of out-dated dams in the United States that were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as many more recent ones that have caused such great ecological damage, that they are proposed for removal.

Many of the dams in the eastern US were built for water diversion, agriculture, factory watermills, and other purposes that are no longer useful. Because of the age of these dams, overtime the risk for catastrophic failure increases. In addition, many of these dams block anadromous fish runs, such as Atlantic salmon and American shad, and prevent important sediments from reaching estuaries.

Often a dam is removed in order to undo the multiple detrimental impacts it has on the environment and biodiversity. Dams divert water from rivers for power, reducing the supply of water available to keep downstream ecosystems healthy. Dams obstruct the migration of fish and wildlife; for example, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 91% of the migratory fish habitat in northern New England is blocked by dams. Dams also prevent nutrient rich sediments and woody debris needed for habitats from flowing downstream. Dams slow the flow of rivers, which allows sediment to collect on the river bottom and bury spawning habitat. The slowed flow also disorients fish species whose lifecycles evolved to take advantage of the swiftness and natural seasonal variations of a river’s flow. The warmer temperature of reservoir water sitting behind a dam may discourage cool-water fish species from reaching their upstream spawning habitat. Water that is released from the bottom of the reservoir is much colder and contains less oxygen than river water, which can affect the reproductive processes of some fish species; and when water with decreased oxygen is released, it can kill downstream fish. In addition, the creation of reservoir lakes favors species better suited to lake-like conditions, which often harm native fish species. The sediment and silt trapped by dams can accumulate heavy metals and pollutants. And turbines at hydropower dams may injure fish.

At dams with fish ladders, fish are often injured or killed swimming up ladders, or become too exhausted or stressed by the warmer water temperatures to spawn successfully even if they reach their destination.

Dam removal restores a river’s natural flow and helps increase biodiversity because vegetation and habitats are restored. Wetlands are revitalized, creating alcoves that serve as nurseries for aquatic species, and enhancing plant growth along riverbanks that provide habitat and food for additional wildlife species. Dam removal replaces warmer water species with the native species that are adapted to colder water such as salmon, trout, shad, river herring, etc., and enables fish to migrate freely upstream and downstream, improving their chances for successful reproduction.

關(guān)鍵詞：7月6日 托福閱讀 真題 解析 機(jī)經(jīng) 

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第二篇

版本一：講的珊瑚和其他水生動(dòng)物的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)還有不同種類珊瑚之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

版本二： coral reefs

個(gè)人覺得很難，花費(fèi)太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間

各種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-同類競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，異類競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

長(zhǎng)得快的，長(zhǎng)得慢的，藻類， grazing Prevent overgrowing 用了好多次，覺得文章本來就 confusing 還有 predator influence

解析：本文討論珊瑚礁相關(guān)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，通過討論珊瑚內(nèi)外部的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來講對(duì)珊瑚的制衡。雖然背景知識(shí)和結(jié)構(gòu)略難，但可通過首段解決背景困惑，主旨句解決結(jié)構(gòu)清晰度問題，同時(shí)在閱讀中應(yīng)克服各種生僻學(xué)科詞匯帶來的障礙。

參考閱讀：

Coral reefs are one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on earth, rivaled only by tropical rain forests. They are made up not only of hard and soft corals, but also sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, fish, sea turtles, sharks, dolphins and much more. Competition for resources such as food, space and sunlight are some of the prima ry factors in determining the abundances and diversity of organisms on a reef. Each component of a coral reef is dependent upon and interconnected with countless other plants, animals and organisms. This means that fluctuations in the abundance of one species can drastically alter both the diversity and abundances of others. While natural causes such as hurricanes and other large storm events can be the stimulus for such alterations, it is more commonly anthropological forces that affect these types of shifts in the ecosystem.

Reefs are chronically at risk of algal encroachment. Overfishing and excess nutrient supply from onshore can enable algae to outcompete and kill the coral. In surveys done around largely uninhabited US Pacific islands, algae inhabit a la,e percentage of surveyed coral locations. The algal population consists of turf algae, coralline algae, and macroalgae.

關(guān)鍵詞：7月6日 托福閱讀 真題 解析 機(jī)經(jīng)

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第三篇

版本一：動(dòng)物的 sociality 群居動(dòng)物和獨(dú)居動(dòng)物的行為之間的差別？

版本二： animal socialize

不難，但是沒時(shí)間了，問題挺針對(duì)文章的。 rare insect mammal好像就是群居什么一起， as predator 一 tiger （題）一起， prevent 一 share information （題）不利，群內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（食物，資源）

解析：本文是近年來�？嫉膭�(dòng)物群居問題，縱觀多篇群居和獨(dú)居的機(jī)經(jīng)文章，涉及的點(diǎn)均為群居和獨(dú)居的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，差異在于每次舉例的物種略有不同，本篇行文也仍舊是理論觀點(diǎn)＋具體物種例證的思路，在閱讀過程中，仍重點(diǎn)關(guān)注概括性觀點(diǎn)和理論，理解不同例證服務(wù)解釋的對(duì)象，提取框架結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容。

Social animals are those animals which interact highly with other animals, usually of their own species (conspecifics), to the point of having a recognizable and distinct society. Many animals are social to the extent that mothers and offspring bond, and males and females interact to mate, but the term “social animal” is usually only applied when there is a level of social organization that goes beyond this, with permanent groups of adults living together, and relationships between individuals that endure from one encounter to another The most commonly known example of a social animal is a domestic dog. In the case of social animals, it can be detrimental to their development to not have those social interactions, as they are crucial. These interactions and socializing will help to develop emotional stability and flexibility for the span of the animal’s life.

Living together may be beneficial in many ways. One obvious benefit for social aggregations is defense, both passive and active, from predators. Sociality offers several benefits to animals reproduction. It facilitates encounters between males and females, which, for solitary animals, may consume much time and energy. Sociality also helps synchronize reproductive behavior through the mutual stimulation that individuals have on one another Among colonial birds the sounds and displays of courting individuals set in motion prereproductive endocrine changes in other individuals. Because there is more social stimulation, large colonies of gulls produce more young per nestthan do small colonies. Furthermore, parental care thatsocial animals provide their offspring increases survival of the brood. Social living provides opportunities for individuals to give aid and to share food with young other than their own. Such interactions within a social network have produced some intricate cooperative behavior among parents, their young, and their kin. Of the many other advantages of social organization noted by behaviorists, we will mention only a few in this brief treatment: cooperation in hunting for food; huddling for mutual protection from severe weather; opportunities for division of labor, which is especially well developed in the social insects with their caste s’vstems; and the potential for learning and transmitting useful information through the society.

Animals that are solitary are often territorial and do not like the company of another animal in theirterritoryand especiallyan animal of theirown kind. This could be due to competition between rivals for the opportunity to mate or over territory, or it could be a more suitable way to live in the environment. When two of the same species meet they often show aggressive displays to try to chase off the other, but if neither of the two backs down a brawl can escalate. In some species these fights can end in the death of one or both animals.

The few times a solitary animal is with another of its kind is when it is caring for its offspring or when it is ready to mate. Nevertheless, when an offspring becomes independent the youngster will either leave on its own or be rejected by its parent This trait could be because the parent no longer tolerates the presence of another of its kind or it is ready to mate again and cannot care for both its first offspring and a newborn. During a time of mating, a solitary animal tries to find a mate, and once the act is completed, the animal may repeat the mating process several times and then resume its solitary lifestyle.

關(guān)鍵詞：7月6日 托福閱讀 真題 解析 機(jī)經(jīng) 

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