無痛托�？谡Z：綜合任務(wù)篇（Independent Task）II

《無痛托福口語I》提到托�？忌�就口語綜合任務(wù)的練習(xí)除了刷真題或TPO好像沒有別的板斧，筆者因此介紹了一些無痛的、循序漸進的、托福官方也推介的方法，本文就口語綜合任務(wù)四、六題提出同類方案給大家參考。

針對第四和六的Lecture題，大家可以找各學(xué)科的英語教材，如AP（Advanced Placement）生物、環(huán)境科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟，GCE A-Level或IB 的地理、商業(yè)，或科普雜志如Discovery, National Geographic。有關(guān)材料，大家可以上網(wǎng)找，找到后，隨性的細(xì)看那些你有興趣的、同時跟托福lecture題有關(guān)的章節(jié)，之后進行如下練習(xí)：

1、看懂有關(guān)章節(jié)的兩到三段

2、用英語把第一段的要點寫下來

3、之后是第二和第三段

4、對照著這些要點，用英語把每一段復(fù)述

5、拿著這些筆錄的點，多找?guī)讉�同學(xué)，用英語給他/她們復(fù)述

這種練習(xí)的好處：

1、讓你對各種學(xué)科有一定的概念和基本知識，加強回答4、6題的信心

2、為你托福Listening部分做好前期背景工作

3、廣泛的閱讀，對托福Reading有一定的幫助

4、如果你是高中生，是之后學(xué)/復(fù)習(xí)SAT II的熱身

5、如果你是大學(xué)生，涉獵各種學(xué)科，讓你的通識教育更扎實，更像一名準(zhǔn)知識分子

這里我給大家準(zhǔn)備了AP 生物的extract，大家玩玩：

In the contest between predator and prey, some prey may have unique heritable characteristics that enable them to more successfully elude predators. Similarly, some predators may have characteristics that enable them to more successfully capture prey. The natural selection of characteristics that promote the most successful predators and the most elusive prey leads to coevolution of predator and prey. In other cases, two species may evolve so that mutual benefits increase. In general, coevolution is the evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species.

另外有些常見的jargons如camouflage和mimicry，大家也可以從相關(guān)的材料找到：

Camouflage (or cryptic coloration) is any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings. Both prey and predator benefit from camouflage.

• The fur of the snowshoe hare is white in winter (a camouflage in snow) and brown in summer (a camouflage against the exposed soil).

• The larvae of certain moths are colored so that they look like bird droppings.

• The markings on tigers and many other cats provide camouflage in a forested background. In contrast, the yellow-brown coloring of lions provides camouflage in their savanna habitat.

• Some plants escape predation because they have the shape and color of the surrounding rocks.

Mimicry occurs when two or more species resemble one another in appearance. There are two kinds of mimicry:

• Müllerian mimicry occurs when several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same coloration. Müllerian mimicry is an effective strategy because a single pattern, shared among several animals, is more easily learned by a predator than would be a different pattern for every animal. Thus, bees, yellow jackets, and wasps all have yellow and black body markings.

• Batesian mimicry occurs when an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense. For example, some defenseless flies have yellow and black markings but are avoided by predators because they resemble the warning coloration of bees.

（英文資料來源：CliffsAP, AP Biology, by Phillip E. Pack）

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