托福閱讀知識(shí)：環(huán)境污染PM2.5

請(qǐng)看《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》的報(bào)道：

Longtime exposure to particulate matter especially the particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) which can go directly to the alveoli of the lungs, is a major health hazard.

專家稱，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間呼吸空氣中的顆粒物，特別是直徑小于2.5微米的可入肺顆粒物(PM2.5)對(duì)人體健康危害很大。

知識(shí)拓展：PM2.5就是指“可入肺顆粒物”，PM的英文全稱為particulate matter(微粒物、懸浮微粒)，PM2.5就是指大氣中直徑小于或等于2.5微米的顆粒物，可直接進(jìn)入人體的alveoli of the lungs(肺泡)，也稱為“可入肺顆粒物”，它的直徑還不到人頭發(fā)絲粗細(xì)的1/20。PM2.5主要來(lái)自vehicle exhaust(機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣塵)、燃油塵、硫酸鹽、餐飲油煙塵、建筑水泥塵、煤煙塵和硝酸鹽等。　　PM2.5粒徑小，這種fine particles(細(xì)微顆粒)富含大量的toxic and harmful substance(有毒、有害物質(zhì))且在大氣中的停留時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、輸送距離遠(yuǎn)，因而對(duì)人體健康和大氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量的影響更大。今后，使用PM2.5 measurement(PM2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn))進(jìn)行air quality monitoring(空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè))正成為全球趨勢(shì)。

China’s environmental authorities are to implement new air quality standards which will now measure some of the smallest and most damaging particles in the air. In many cities, the public are being consulted over the introduction of the new standards ，which will find out just how clean the air really is.
　　中國(guó)的環(huán)境部門將執(zhí)行新的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，將測(cè)量空氣中一些最小、傷害最大的顆粒。在許多城市，民眾正被詢問到新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的引進(jìn)，這將了解到空氣實(shí)際上有多純凈。

Smog in Beijing. Smog in Shanghai. Smog in Hangzhou - During recent months, dense pollution has frequently blanketed many cities in China. Sometimes visibility drops to less than 1 kilometer, causing serious traffic jams, flight delays and highway closures.
　　北京的煙霧。上海的煙霧。杭州的煙霧——最近幾個(gè)月，濃度大的污染經(jīng)常籠罩著中國(guó)的城市。有時(shí)，能見度下降到1千米以下，引發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的交通阻塞，航班延誤和公路關(guān)閉。

It has also raised public awareness of the issue. Ma Jun has been conducting environmental research since the mid 1990s and in 2006, he founded his own NGO in Beijing.
　　它也提高了這個(gè)問題的公共意識(shí)。馬軍從上個(gè)實(shí)際90年代中期就開始進(jìn)行環(huán)境研究，2006年，他在北京成立自己的非政府組織。

The Ministry of Environmental Protection’s newly published air quality standard includes monitoring of PM2.5 - a kind of air particle with a diameter of 2.5 microns or less. These particulates are small enough to penetrate human lung tissue, causing severe health problems. The revised standard is now open for public input and will take effect from 2016.
　　環(huán)保局新近發(fā)布的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括了PM2.5的監(jiān)測(cè)——PM2.5是一種直徑等于或小于2.5微米的空氣顆粒。這些顆粒足夠小，能進(jìn)入人的肺組織，引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的健康問題。新修改的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)現(xiàn)在開放公眾投入，從2016年開始生效。

Responding to the new air quality standard, several cities, including Shanghai and Nanjing, announced that they are preparing pilot programs that will start to monitor and publish PM 2.5 levels soon. Experts believe that the monitoring results in some cities might not initially meet international standards.
　　作為對(duì)新的空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的響應(yīng)，包括上海、南京在內(nèi)的一些城市宣布，他們正在準(zhǔn)備試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃，很快將開始監(jiān)測(cè)、發(fā)布PM2.4水平。專家認(rèn)為，一些城市的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果開始可能達(dá)不到國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Stricter air standards will reveal more environmental hazards and raise public awareness, which should certainly help the government’s aim of providing cleaner, healthier air.
　　更加嚴(yán)格的空氣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將揭示更多的環(huán)境危害，提高公眾的意識(shí)，這無(wú)疑有助于政府提供更清潔、更健康的空氣的目標(biāo)。

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