托福聽力lecture并列型分析

之前我們介紹了托福聽力lecture的并列型結構，一般是圍繞某一個主題并列平行展開去講解。這類結構沒有之前我們見到的直線型結構那么好區(qū)分，因為他沒有明顯的表示時間地點人物的信號詞，但是這種結構類型是我們TPO和考試中出現(xiàn)的比較多的結構類型。我們這次分析一篇按并列結構分層的一篇文章。

今天我們以TPO14-L3為例，給大家講解一下。

OK, last time we talked about ancient agricultural civilizations that observed the stars and then used those observations to keep track of the seasons. But today I want to talk about the importance of stars for early seafarers, about how the fixed patterns of stars were used as navigational aids.  這篇托福聽力文章一開始先講上次講的內容，但是篇幅不多，之后直接表達的這次文章的主題，人們如何運用星星作為導航的工具

OK, you’ve all heard about the Vikings and their impressive navigation skills, but the seafaring peoples of the Pacific islands, the Polynesians and the Micronesians, were quite possibly the world’s greatest navigators. Long before the development of, uh, advanced navigational tools in Europe, Pacific islanders were travelling from New Zealand to Hawaii and back again, using nothing but the stars as their navigational instruments.這部分借由Viking維京人引出今天的主題太平洋島的人們，他們才是世界上偉大的航海者

Um, the key to the Pacific islanders’ success was probably their location near the equator. What that meant was that the sky could be partitioned, divided up, much more symmetrically than it could farther away from the equator. Unlike the Vikings, early observers of the stars in Polynesia or really anywhere along the equator would feel that they were at the very center of things, with the skies to the north and the skies to the south behaving identically, they could see stars going straight up in the east and straight down in the west. So it was easier to discern the order in the sky than farther north or farther south, where everything would seem more chaotic.文章中key一詞很關鍵，分析他們成功的關鍵就是因為離赤道非常近。

Take the case of the Gilbert Islands, they are part of Polynesia, and lie very close to the equator. And the people there were able to divide the sky into symmetrical boxes, according to the main directions, north, east, south and west. And they could precisely describe the location of a star by indicating its position in one of those imaginary boxes. And they realized that you had to know the stars in order to navigate. In fact there was only one word for both in the Gilbert Islands, when you wanted the star expert, you ask for a navigator. 進一步舉例子支持上一段的觀點，因為距離赤道近所以很方便判斷方向。

Um, islanders from all over the Pacific learned to use the stars for navigation, and they passed this knowledge down from generation to generation. Some of them utilized stone structures called stone canoes, uh, and these canoes were on land, of course, and you can still see them on some islands today. They were positioned as if they were heading in the direction of the points on the sea horizon where certain stars would appear and disappear during the night, and, um, young, would-be navigators sat by the stones at night and turned in different directions to memorize the constellations they saw, so they could recognize them and navigate… by them later on when they went out to sea.這一段的主題很明顯，講的是知識的傳遞，并且舉例子stone canoes來進一步說明

One important way the Polynesians had for orienting themselves was by using zenith stars. A zenith star was a really bright star that would pass directly overhead at a particular latitude…at a particular distance from the equator, often at a latitude associated with some particular Pacific island. So the Polynesians could estimate their latitude just by looking straight up, by observing whether a certain zenith star passed directly overhead at night, they’d know if they have reached the same latitude as a particular island they were trying to get to.

Um, another technique used by the Polynesians was to look for a star pair, that’s two stars that rise at the same time, or set at the same time, and navigators could use these pairs of stars as reference points, because they rise or set together only at specific latitudes. So navigators might see one star pair setting together. And, uh…would know how far north or south of the equator they were. And if they kept on going, and the next night they saw the pair of stars setting separately, then they would know that they were at a different degree of latitude. So looking at rising and setting star pairs is a good technique. Um… actually it makes more sense with setting stars; they can be watched instead of trying to guess when they’ll rise.最后兩段分別舉了托福聽力中兩種例子來給同學們具體分析如何用星星來判斷方向。

所以這篇托福聽力文章非常典型，每一段所講的信息都是有自己獨立的主題，體現(xiàn)并列的結構。

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