AI搜索累計解答了位高考生的升學問題

咨詢時間:8:00~24:00 400-618-8866

您的位置: 首頁> 考培資訊> 托福> 閱讀> 托福閱讀——植物類(七)

托福閱讀——植物類(七)

關鍵字  托福考試 托福培訓 托福閱讀 植物類
2015-07-29 來源:新通外語網(wǎng)igo99.cn 作者: 閱讀量: 手機閱讀

導讀

  新通托福高分素材庫出爐啦!眾所周知,托福閱讀一直是中國考生的薄弱項,新通教育為幫助廣大托?忌黄崎喿x瓶頸,提高閱讀成績,特地精心整理了托福閱讀高分分類素材庫。那快來托福閱讀高分素材庫汲取營養(yǎng)吧!

The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
 
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
 
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
 
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
 
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
 
     The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.

 

Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

 
1. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to
 
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
 
 2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
 
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
 
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
 
○B(yǎng)oth are treeless zones.
○B(yǎng)oth mark forest boundaries.
○B(yǎng)oth are surrounded by desert areas.
○B(yǎng)oth suffer from a lack of moisture.
 
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
 
 
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
 
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
 
       Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
 
 5. The word “attain” in the passage is closest in meaning to
 
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
 
6. The word “they” in the passage refers to
 
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
 
7. The word “prone” in the passage is closest in meaning to
 
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
 
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
 
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
 
Paragraph 4:There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves.  Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.  Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
 
 
 9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
 
○B(yǎng)ecause of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
 
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
 
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
 
 
11. The word “prevalent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
 
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
 
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
 
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
 
       Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
 
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
 
 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
 
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
 
 
 Answer choices
○B(yǎng)irch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
 

查看正確答案和解析

 

  • 有疑問在線咨詢老師

    咨詢時間:0:00 ~ 24:00
    非咨詢時間也可留言

  • 400-618-8866

    咨詢時間:8:00 ~ 24:00

定制備考方案
留學快讀通道

課程推薦

更多課程+

新通為您定制更適合您的學習方案

想要獲取更多考試培訓信息,可以通過以下方式聯(lián)系到距離您最近的新通教育;

1、撥打新通教育咨詢熱線:400-618-8866;

2、點擊【立即咨詢】 ,我們會有課程老師為你解答考試難題;

3、完成以下表單,輕松預約,預約獲取定制學習方案的機會。

姓名
聯(lián)系電話

城市
  • 杭州
  • 北京
  • 上海
  • 廣州
  • 深圳
  • 南京
  • 武漢
  • 蘇州
  • 太原
  • 濟南
  • 合肥
  • 天津
  • 鄭州
  • 長春
  • 寧波
  • 舟山
  • 溫州
  • 溫嶺
  • 成都
  • 重慶
  • 西安
  • 南昌
  • 廈門
  • 福州
學習科目
  • 雅思
  • 托福
  • SAT
  • ACT
  • GRE
  • GMAT
  • 國際高中備考班
  • A-level
  • AP
馬上預約

定制學習方案

  • 雅思
  • 托福
  • SAT
  • ACT
  • GRE
  • GMAT
  • 國際高中備考班
  • A-level
  • AP
獲取你的學習方案

*溫馨提示:新通承諾絕不泄露您的個人信息

大家都在看

更多>

近期活動

  • 北京
  • 成都
  • 福州
  • 廣州
  • 杭州
  • 合肥
  • 濟南
  • 南昌
  • 南京
  • 寧波
  • 青島
  • 廈門
  • 上海
  • 深圳
  • 蘇州
  • 太原
  • 天津
  • 溫州
  • 武漢
  • 西安
  • 長春
  • 長沙
  • 鄭州
  • 重慶
  • 舟山